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Definition
| society is made up of social layers/strata that are arranged in a hierarchy |
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| widely accepted beliefs that something is fair and just, help account for social stratification |
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| the most important thing about any society is its economic system |
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| movement of different stratification systems |
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| changes in stratification between different generations
ex. changing class from parents |
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| mobility within a person’s lifetime |
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| positions within a system are achieved opportunity to change ranks boundaries between strata are permeable (open) |
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| boundaries between strata are impermeable, positions within system are ascribed no opportunity to change ranks, law requires endogamy |
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| criminals are evolutionary throwbacks, or atavists |
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| a person’s body shape plays a role in criminality |
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| egoism occurs when people are not well integrated into society |
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Sociological imagination: |
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Poverty:
personal trouble: the individuals choices and shortcomings led them to be poor
Public issue: high unemployment rates and lack of jobs restrct people from working and making money |
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| effect of pareud's social class |
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| whatever you're born into is where you will stay |
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| income an individual family makes in year wealth is the total value of assets |
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| the notion that people who have wealth/fame find it easier to accumulate more of these |
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| structural explanations of inequality |
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| the notion that the best way to understand ppverty is to look at the culture attributes of the poor |
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| "a dollar is not always a dollar" |
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Definition
| some poeple's dollar cost more, but buy less |
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| prejudice vs. stereotypes |
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Definition
prejudgement of the basis of prior experience
oversimplified generalized images about members of a group |
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Definition
| attitudes and beliefs that are turned into action based on predjudice and stereotypes |
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| involves a denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups from normal operation of society |
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| individual discrimination |
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Definition
| when an individual discriminates against another individual |
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Definition
| generally applied to acts of discrimination at institutional level and individual level, suffix |
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| race as social construct (or gender) |
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Definition
| race (or gender) is a socially constructed attribute that is tied to beliefs about differences in the physical makeup of individuals |
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Definition
| norms change across cultures and deviance does also |
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| non-sociological approach to deviance |
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Definition
| stereotyping or seeing physical characteristics and judging based off that |
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Term
| emile durkheim: collective conscience |
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Definition
| cultural accepted goals, norms and beliefs |
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| emile durkheim: structural strain |
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Definition
| means to succeed are not present |
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Definition
primary deviance - steal something, everyone things you are bad
secondary deviance - take on deviant role, commit more deviant acts |
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| consequence of primary deviance/secondary deviance |
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| lowest members of society, slaves move up, outcasts cannot |
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| changing occupations within the same strata |
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| moving up or down the social ladder |
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| ideal class organization, pure form |
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| idea that teacher expectations influence student performance |
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| effects of a person's social class |
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| most people end up in a class position same or close to the one occupied by their parents |
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| coined the term "culture of poverty" |
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Term
| Johann Friedrich Blumenbach |
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Definition
| one of the founders of antropoeogy, came up with ataxonomy scheme that divided people into five racial categories |
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| created a theory to explain the American system of stratification (with moore) |
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| unsophisticated or untrained, as in a ___________ observer |
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| a system of stratification which, while not entirely closed, involves little vertical mobility |
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| Sherif relied upon this effect to show the power of social influence |
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| an ascribed status having to do with shared, distinctive cultural history |
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| compared to official statistics, these show that more kinds of people commit crimes |
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| legal process by which a slave is freed |
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| according to differential association social influence depends upon this, along with priority and intensity |
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| Lombroso believed that criminals tended to have this |
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| he studied how social influence works under unambiguous condtions |
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Definition
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| Merton argued that when people lack access to means of this sort, they will experience anomie! |
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Definition
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| he discovered that the intensity of social inequality varies with the economic structure of society |
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| negative and persistant judgement based on scant or incorrect information about people in a particular group |
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Definition
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| Important American sociologist who built theories about people's responses ot anomie as well as the relationship between predjudice and discrimination |
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| early theories of deviance were of this sort |
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| a form of slavery in which a person is mere property |
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| a completely closed system of stratification |
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| sutherland's theory of deviance |
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| a system of stratification in which people are judged based on their actual worth (probably doesn't really exist) |
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| system in which people marry outside of their group |
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| according to the theory created by merton one does this if one rejects both the goals and means of society and substitutes new ones |
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| suffix generally applied to any type of discrimination that is consistent with patterns of institutional discrimination |
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Definition
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| according to Lemert, many people commit this sort of deviant acts. If they are caught, they may be labeled deviant |
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| according to Cloward and Ohlin, people who experience anomie, if they can't innovate, may try violence. if they can't be violent they become _______ failures |
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| Becker wrote about how people learn to use this |
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| according to Durkheim, a kind of suicide that may result when people place the survival of the group over their own |
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| an unsophisticated person from a rural area |
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| Cesare Lombroso believed that criminals were |
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Definition
| born at a lower place on the evolutionary scale than other people |
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| emile Durkheim defined ______________ as a social condition in which norms are absent or weak |
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Definition
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| according to merton's theory of anomie, deviance is most likely to occur when there is a discrepancy between culturally approved goals and... |
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| legitimate means of obtaining these goals |
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| according to mertons anomie theory _________ occurs when both the goals of society and the legitamate means for reaching them are rejected |
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Definition
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| according to Richard Cloward and his colleague Lloyd Ohlin, deviance is most likely to occur when |
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Definition
| the opportunity for learning how to be deviant exists |
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| Edwin Lemert's distinction between ____ and _____ helps to clarify the consequences of labeling |
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Definition
| primary, secondary deviance |
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| Erving Goffman used the term ________ to refer to undesirable characteristics that may cause others to deny the deviant person full social acceptance |
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Definition
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| according to Emile Durkheim, which of the following is NOT true of crime? |
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Definition
| that is should be encouraged |
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| commonsense or conventional wisdom leads most people to view crime and all kinds of deviance as, |
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| sociologists use the term ______ to refer to the social recognition, respect, and admiration that a society attaches to a particular social position |
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| For Durkheim, anomie (or anomy) results when society loses moral power individuals. Anomie is |
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| a lack of moral regulation |
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| sociologists use the term _______ to refer to the fact that in society there are layers of people possessing unequal shares of scarce and desirable social resources |
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Definition
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| sociologists use the term ____________ to refer to a segment of the population whose members have similar life chances and life styles |
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| Karl Marx predicted that capitalist societies would ultimately be reduced to two classes, which he called |
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| the proletariat and the bourgeoisie |
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| the term ________ refer to the social recognition, respect, and admiration that a society attaches to a particular social position |
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Definition
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| the term ______ refers to all the economic resources possessed by an individual or group |
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Definition
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| every stratification system is... |
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Definition
| supported by important values |
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| _________ mobility is measured from one generation to the next |
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Definition
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| a change from one occupation to another at the same general status level is called... |
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| sociologists use the term ______ to describe a society in which there is no mobility because all social status is inherited and cannot be changed |
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| a ___________ is socially identified and set apart by others and by itself on the basis of unique cultural or nationally characteristics |
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| any systematic effort to kill or destroy members of an entire population is known as |
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| sociologists define _________ as negative beliefs about and attitudes toward some group or its individual members |
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| ________ refers to the unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in some group |
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