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| a situation in which people lack the resources to satisfy the basic needs no person should be without |
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| a situation measured not by some objective standard, but rather by comparing against that of other who are more advantaged in some way |
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| the systematic process of ranking people on a scale of social worth such that the ranking affects life chances in unequal ways |
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| the probability that an individuals life will follow a certain path and will turn out a certain way |
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| a situation in which these valued resources and desired outcomes (ex college education, long life( are distributed in such a way that people have unequal amounts of access to them |
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| social positions assigned on the basis of attributes people possess - ex skin, shade, sex, hair color- develop over time ex- height, weight, baldness- or are possessed through no effort or fault of their own - ex country or religion |
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| attained through a combination of personal choice, effort, and ability |
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| a level of respect or admiration for a status apart from any person who happens to occupy it |
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| reputation that someone occupying an ascribed or achieved status has earned from people who know |
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| form of stratification in which people are categorized and ranked by the characteristics over which they have no control and they can't change |
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| system of social stratification in which some people are ranked on the basis of achieved characteristics, such as merit, talent, ability, or past performance |
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| movement from one social class to another |
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| emigration from a country from the poorest to richest of the most educated and talented people |
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| a person's overall economic and social status in a system of social stratification |
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| bankers and stockholders seemingly detached from the world of "work" |
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| negatively privileged property class |
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| Weber - people completely lacking in skills, property, employment or depend on seasonal or sporadic employment - very bottom of class system |
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| positively privileged property class |
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| Weber - top of class system |
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| amorphous group of people held together both by virtue of a lifestyle that has come to be expected of all those who wish to belong |
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| Weber - organizations oriented toward the planned acquisition of social power and toward influencing social action no matter what its content may be |
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| families and individuals in inner cities who live outside the mainstream of the American occupational system and who consequently represent the very bottom of the economic hierarchy |
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process by which people develop a sense of self and learn the ways of the society in which they live
1. acquire a sense of self or social identity
2. learn about the social groups in which they belong or don't
3. develop human capacities
4. learn to negotiate environments
human being -> transform -> social being
*lifelong process |
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| the process in which people take as their own and accept as binding the norms, values, beliefs, and language that their socializers are attempting to pass on |
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| experiences shared and recalled by numbers of people, shared and passed on (ex stories holidays rituals) |
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1. take the role of another (role take)
2. name, classify, and categorize self |
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*most important, FOUNDATION for later
birth-6 yo
->gender identity
->moral identity
->cognitive identity
->emotional identity |
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| stages of primary socialization |
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| stepping in another's shoes, assessing behavior, appearance, and thoughts |
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| voluntary activity with few or no formal rules |
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| organized rules, generalized other expected behavior, meanings, and viewpoints that transcend those participating |
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| requires interpretation before response |
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| active and creative aspect of self that questions the expectations and rules for behavior |
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| social self- product of interaction with others, has internalized rules and expectations |
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| significant others, primary groups, in groups, out groups, and institutions, teach us how to respond to social and physical environment |
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| 2 or more, share a distinct identity, feel belonging, interact with each other |
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| face to face contact, strong emotional ties |
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| group where you belong, identify, or feel loyalty |
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| breaking behavior/thinking that is unsuited to existing or changing circumstances and replacing them with more appropriate ways of behaving and thinking |
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| surrender control of lives ->prison, mental hospitals, etc |
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| glue/cement that connects people to each other and wider society |
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| cohesion from common conscience, uniform thinking and behavior |
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| 4 components of social structure |
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| social status, roles, social groups, social institution |
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| a socially recognized position |
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| set of societal expectations, obligations, and privileges that are attached to a status |
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| comes with every status - a cluster of roles attached to a single status |
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| when there is a problem meeting expectations within a role or role set |
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| when two or more roles clash and a dilemma occurs |
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| permanent (ex divorce, suicide) |
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| primary groups & secondary groups |
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| members referred to as "significant others" - inner circle |
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| members share impersonal and often temporary relationships, sometimes these change, referred to as "generalized others" |
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| specialized sub system within society which provides valuable social needs & wants, primary and secondary |
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provide *functional prerequisites of society*, without which society could not survive and function
->education, government, religion, family economy |
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| hunter gatherer, horticultural, agricultural, industrial |
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| nomads, simple needs (survival), only institution was family |
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learned to grow food, settle down, become village, rules and regulations, village chief & trading
*family, government, economy, religion |
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6000 years ago plow was invented, people settled permanently, cities replaced villages, government in form of monarchs, education with discovery of paper
family, government, economy, religion, education |
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200 years old, industrial revolution, advent of science, discovery, invention, *specialized
family & religion weaken |
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