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| Sociology as a science, science is making... |
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1.rational-logical, no emotions/feelings. 2. emperical-verifiable evidnce based on experiement and proof. 3. generalizations-no stereotypes. 4.to explain social/natural phenomena. 5.to predict the future
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1. objectivity-never claims absolute truth. 2. fallibility/refutibility- any sscientific theory should be debated. 3. self criticism. 4. open to peer review/evaluation-not accepted without approval from scientific community. 5. community of knowledge-everything is shared/nothing is private.
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| how is social science different from natural science? |
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1.measurement problems-natural science has accurate measurements ie height weight, you cannot measure happiness/freedom. 2. generalization problems- there are universal laws ie water boils at... in social science things change. 3.explanation problems-human behavior has many differnt motives/causes. 4. prediction problems-animals are very predictbale and have lived the same way for thousands of years. 5.experimental limitations-humans cannot be experimented on without consent and they know when they are being experimented on
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statement about a relationship between two or more concepts
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tentative statement about how to test a theory
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mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified way.
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measurable form of a concept whose values change from case to case
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the way researchers observe and measure a concept
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process of converting abstract concepts into empiracally measureable variables
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are you measuring what you really want to measure?
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if you repeat the same study will you get the same result?
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one variable causes the other to change
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apprent relationship between two variables is meaningless ie-wine=longer life------ses
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| 3 conditions for correlation to be causation |
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1.must be substantial correlation 2.X must precede Y in time. 3. correlation must not spurious/explained by a third factor
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assumed to influence/change dependent variable
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explained by independent variable
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| intervening (control) variable |
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held constant to test spurriousness of correlation
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| typical research procedure |
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1.identify problem/select topic 2.review literature (make sure you dont repeat study) 3. formulate hypothesis 4.choose research design/method 5.collect data 6.analyze data 7.draw conclusion
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| quantitative anaylysis- secondary analysis |
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you use someone elses data/ do not collect your own
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| quantitative anaylysis- experiments |
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study relationship between two variables under carefully controlled conditions
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| experiemnt- control group/experimental group |
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control group- is not exposed to stimuli/same as experimental group experimental group-exposed to stimulus
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| advantages and disadvantages of experiments |
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advantage-effective for testing hypothesis, and you have control over experimental design
disadvantage- cannot experiment with large groups of people... hawthornes effect-people know they are being experimented with and behave differently.
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interviews/description/recordings... no #s!
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| observational study- detatched/participant |
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detatched-you cannot relate to test subject/dont paricipate
participant-participate/live/work with subjects
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| advantages and disadvantages of observational study |
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ad-high validity-what you see is reality
dis-cannot direction observe large population ie-OH vs CA??
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