Term
| sex diffs that actually exist (physical) |
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Definition
-chromosomes, genitalia, levels of certain hormones
-males have greater muscle mass than females
-females physically more mature at birth ~ walk, talk, reach puberty earlier
-males more likely to be miscarried, die in infancy, and longer and more difficult births |
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Term
| sex diffs that actually exist (cognition) |
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Definition
-female infants produce sound earlier, larger vocab
-no substantial diffs in verbal skills
-no diffs in math skills
-males edge in visual-spatial tasks and mental rotation |
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Term
| sex diffs that actually exist (social behavior) |
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Definition
-males more aggressive than females
-girls edge in relational aggression
-males more active and more manipulative |
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Term
| sex diffs in play and games |
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Definition
--sex typed prefs for toys show up as early as 14 months
-boys face greater pressure to adhere to sex appropriate codes of conduct
-boys play in larger groups, longer games
-girls play variety of games, often emphasize cooperation and social support |
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Term
| gender role scoialization |
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Definition
-lower SES parents ted to be more concerned about sex-typing
-girls: greater risks from oversocialization
-boys: greater risks from undersocialiaztion |
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Term
| gender role socialization theories |
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Definition
Freudian Psychoanalytic
-identify with same sex parent and adopt their behavior-oedipal and electra conflicts
Social Learning
-roles of modeling, reinforcement
-learn about consequences of behavior by observing what happens to others
Biosocial Theory
-early bio developments are important
-bio and soc factors interact
Cog Development Theory
-changes in ability to reason and understand
-gender identity > gender stability > gender constancy |
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Term
| Martin and Halverson's gender schema theory |
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Definition
-kids develop cog structures that organize info about gender role stereotypes
-these gender schemas influence their perception of people |
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Term
| methods of studying the family |
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Definition
Interviews and Questionnaires
-advantages: identify patterns, lot of info quick, get perspective of subjects
-disadvantages: self-serving bias, context of situation
Observational Approaches
-often take sequential analysis approach
-assess interobservor agreement
-locations: lab, home, home-like environment
Laboratory Analogue Approach
-adult investigators simulating particular pattern of child rearing |
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Term
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Definition
-technique used to initiate study of family, tries to help family overcome problems, identifies issues and causes of trouble
-looks at several generations |
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Term
| types of parenting styles |
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Definition
-authoritative: high on control, responsive to child
-authoritatian: high on control, reject child
-permissive: low on control, responsive to child
-uninvolved: low on control, reject child |
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Term
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Definition
1st born
-high achievers
-conservative
-conscientious
-leader
-more susceptible to social pressure
-neurosis likely to develop
Middle child
-poor achievers
-short attention spans
-extroverted
-humorous
-popular with peers
Youngest child
-indulged
-popular
-striving, persevering
-more optimistic and secure
Only child
-dependent
-high achievers
-more assertive
-high self esteem
-more socially adaptable
-boys: more feminine than other males
-girls: more masculine than other females |
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Term
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Definition
-gets at affective/emotional relationships in the group
-"which 3 people in class would you go to lunch with?" etc
-can create sociogram: graphic representation of sociometric results and it depicts relational analysis
-shows who is popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, average staus
alternatives:
-likeability scales
-paired comparison |
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Term
| classifying childrens play |
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Definition
-nonsocial play: dont play with other kids
-parallel play: independent play with same toys as other kids
-associative play: kids engage in separate activities but interact by exchanging toys and commenting
-cooperative play: more advanced, kids actions are oriented toward common goal |
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Term
| linkages between family and peer systems |
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Definition
-family indirectly influences peer relationships through nature of the child-parent relationship (warmth, control etc.)
-parents also direct managers of kids social lives by arranging social contacts etc. |
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Term
| the importance of play in the development of skills and adjustment |
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Definition
pretend and sociodramatic play
-preschool kids who pretend a lot are both more socially mature and more popular with peers
-usually more socially active at school
college students
-students who "played" less than 5 hours a week had depressive profiles
-those who "played" over 35 hours a week had hysterical profile
-those who "played" between 6 and 30 hours a week tend to show best adjustment pattern |
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Term
| promoting better peer relations |
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Definition
-life skill programs
-peer mentoring component
-superordinate goals ~ jigsaw technique |
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Term
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Definition
-any child can be abused, but some more vulnerable: kid who defy or ignore adult in face of discipline, excessive crying, hard to put to sleep, hyperactive
-only 1 in 10 child abusers have mental illness
-anybody can become abusers
-abusive parents often egocentric
-abusive parents show heightened emotional reactivity to child cries and smiles
-abusive parents have much stronger physiological reactions to child cries and noncompliance |
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Term
| classifications from sociometric data |
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Definition
-popular: lots of pos reviews, fews neg ones
-rejected: lots neg reviews, few pos ones
-neglected: little pos and neg reviews
-controversial: lots of pos and neg reviews
-average status: moderate pos and neg reviews |
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