Term
| Kingsley Davis contributions |
|
Definition
1. historical fertility change (always low)
2. multiphasic response theory (adjustment theory)
3. sociological theory of family change |
|
|
Term
| Sociological theory of family change |
|
Definition
(Kingsley Davis)
- effects of secularization and long-term socioeconomic modernization of the family institution
- Decline of the bread-winner system and the rise of egalitarian gender roles are associated with the fragility of the marital institution today |
|
|
Term
| Historical fertility change |
|
Definition
(Kingsley Davis)
- throughout human history, fertility has always been low (with a few exceptions)
- low fertility is the natural state for humans |
|
|
Term
| Multiphasic response theory (adjustment theory) |
|
Definition
- modernization would lead to lower death rates, in turn creating a social crisis
- the multiphasic effort to reduce population growth occurs simultaneously with economic growth
- stimulus: decline in mortality with sustained natural increase
- responses were varied across populations |
|
|
Term
| Types if "responses" developed |
|
Definition
(Kingsley Davis)
- postponed marriage
- increased celibacy
- abortion (not available everywhere)
- contraception
- emigration
- timing was not necessarily identical, but all countries experienced a type of response
- in Japan: also infanticide, but widespread celibacy was not adopted |
|
|
Term
| John Hajnal contributions |
|
Definition
- when the European pattern arose
- post 1960's fertility trends |
|
|
Term
| when did the European pattern arise? |
|
Definition
(John Hajnal)
- the transition to the European pattern must have started as far back as 1400
- by 1600 and 1940, a characteristic pattern of late marriage and high % never married prevailed in western Europe. (follows Malthusian transition) |
|
|
Term
| What were Hajnal's post-1960's fertility trends? |
|
Definition
- rising average age at marriage
- high % single
- declining marriage rates
- "divorce revolution"
- "cohabitation revolution"
- increasing diversity of conjugal unions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) food is necessary to the existence of man
2) the passion between sexes is also necessary
the power of the population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. |
|
|
Term
| Richard Easterlin contributions |
|
Definition
- relative income thesis
- questionable preconceptions of economic theory
- synthesis framework |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- integrates sociological, economic and demographic concepts
- allows for variation in tastes
- follows early ideas of Liebenstein
- 3 factors: type of socialization, age structure and economic security/insecurity of cohorts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Richard Easterlin)
- how a society changes from high to low fertility as it undergoes socioecnomic modernization
- socioecnomic modernization causes changes in proximate determinants that cause fertility transition
- determinants of Cd: price of children relative to other goods, household income, subjective tastes for children compared to other goods
- as mortality falls, supply increases
- at more advanced stages, decline in demand leads to lower fertility rates
- if supply exceeds demand, there is motivation for regulation |
|
|
Term
| 3 questionable preconceptions of ecnomic theory |
|
Definition
(Richard Easterlin)
1) all behaviour is a matter of conscious choice
2) one can never measure demand by asking how much people want
3) statements relative to subjective states of mind/motivations are inadmissible in theories of fertility |
|
|
Term
| Easterlin demand for children |
|
Definition
| socioeconomic security is positively related to demand for children |
|
|
Term
| Philippe Aries contributions |
|
Definition
1. demographic phenomena are signs of the "collective consciousness"
2. ideational theory "history of mentalities" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Philippe Aries; ideational theory)
Period A: (prudent modernity; 1850-1930) diffusion of new family model, conscious family planning, emphasis on child quality
period B: (trustful modernity; 1940-1950) growth of middle class leading to an increase in fertility, child as king
period C: (rebellious generation; post 1960's) baby boomers become parents, low fertility, child as obstacle, distrust of institutions |
|
|
Term
| Theory of reasoned action |
|
Definition
(Fishbein & Ajzcen)
- assumes human action is rational, but there is different cognition
- expectancy-value principle: a potential action is evaluated on the basis of the value attached to the expected outcome from given intended action
- 3 causal pathways to behaviour: attitudinal, normative and personal control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Butz & Ward)
- analysis of USA post war fertility
- the rising value of time for women and the opportunity costs of childbearing
- when the economy is booming, women's opportunity costs increase and fertility is postponed
- when the economy is in recession, women's opportunity costs are reduced and fertility increases
- thus, the economy and fertility are countercyclical |
|
|
Term
| family policies in industrialized countries |
|
Definition
(Anne Gauthier)
- from the 1970's onward, there have been increases in state support for working parents and modest increases in cash support for families
- 4 major challenges concerning family policies since 70's
1) changes is family structure/dynamics
2) rise of female labor force participation
3) changes in economic situation for government budgets and families
4) global economic integration |
|
|
Term
| Lincoln Day contributions |
|
Definition
- the drift principle
- catholic pronatalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- most behaviour does not involve conscious, rational decision making, but rather motives, habit and convention
- behaviour typically occurs within a range of possibilities rather than through a narrowly calculated process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Lincoln Day)
catholic pronatalism serves to increase natality under 2 circumstances:
1) there are high levels of economic development
2) must be numerically and politically important, not dominant, minority of the population |
|
|
Term
| Harvey Liebenstein contributions |
|
Definition
- economic social exchange theory
- importance of household |
|
|
Term
| economic social exchange theory |
|
Definition
human action:
- maximization, but seldom optimal
- due to imperfect information/knowledge
- bahaviour is a function of active/passive decision making |
|
|
Term
| importance of the household |
|
Definition
(Harvey Libenstein)
- the household is the core element in fertility transition
- status of the household affects expenditures as well as tastes for children and other goods
- less restrictive view of rationality (selective) |
|
|
Term
| John Bongaarts contributions |
|
Definition
fertility transitions in developing countries
the end of the fertility transition on the developed world
comparative pace of fertility decline |
|
|
Term
| fertility transition in developing countries |
|
Definition
(Bongaarts)
- fertility has been declining in many developing countries
- recent evidence suggests that ongoing fertility declines may have slowed or stalled in a number of these countries in transition
- unexpected slowing of fertility decline around 2000 in sub-Saharan Africa has implications for future demographic trends
- this trend will likely have adverse effects on the regions prospects for social and economic development, food security and sustainability of resources |
|
|
Term
| pace of fertility decline |
|
Definition
(Bongaarts)
- initially, fertility is unresponsive to development, resulting in delays in onset of transition
- once a few countries in a macro region enter, others follow sooner than expected
- as time goes by, the onset of transition occurs at even lower levels of development
- once transition is underway, fertility changes rapidly
- the pace of fertility decline is not related to development as might be expected, but rather to the level of development when the transition started |
|
|
