Term
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Definition
-The essential feature of all society is struggle and intense competitiveness
-A good state maximizes individual freedom to allow the individual to be a master of his own destiny
-freedom and liberty are important.
-“There have to be many judges, because the few always look out for the interests of the few.” |
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Term
| Machiavelli and The Individual |
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Definition
-human nature: individuals will seek gratification of their lusts for power, pleasure and profit.
-human excellence is “virtu,” or being smart and having a capacity for action. (not just any action, that which brings glory and honor).
-”Human appetites are insatiable because nature gives us the ability and the will to desire everything, while fortune gives us the ability to acquire only a little. The result is continuous discontent in the minds of men, and dissatisfaction with the things that they possess.” |
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Term
| Machiavelli and his Methods |
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Definition
-wisdom can be achieved by (1) careful personal observation and by (2) studying history.
-Machiavelli “created” the field of politics like Durkheim “created” Sociology. |
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Term
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Definition
-Marx’s idea of the opiate is a restatement of Machiavelli’s ideas on religion and the state.
-morality and religion are only relevant if they aid in the enhancement of the goods of a well-ordered society.
-(in Roman history)”religion served to govern the armies, encourage the plebians, keep good men good and shame the evil.” |
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Term
| Machiavelli and Leadership |
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Definition
-the wise prince ought to do whatever is expedient to achieve and maintain power
-the goal of politics is to rule successfully; winning is everything.
-the ruler of the state must possess “virtu.”
-”Had Rome removed the causes of turmoil, it would have also removed the causes for its growth.” |
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Term
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Definition
-Society evolves.
-Theological
-fetishism
-polytheism
-Metaphysical
-monotheism
-protestantism
-deistic (God is the timemaker and after is hands-off)
-Positive
-the religion of humanity
-recognized there is a hierarchy in the sciences |
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Term
| Comte and the Individual in Society |
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Definition
Typology of human attributes: categories of human instincts
-Affective (emotional)
-Egoistic
-Intermediate instincts WTF????????>?????
-social instincts
-Cognitive (rational)
-Active
-individuals are merely abstractions. Society is real. The smallest unit of society is the family. |
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Term
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Definition
-didn’t read other people’s stuff. Wanted a “pure” brain.
-observation, experiment, comparison |
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Term
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Definition
-Society is a collection of psychological entities.
-Hierarchy of the sciences.
-collective consciousness - a society will have a collective response to or feeling about situations or events.
-everything will be solved with time.
-society is defined by its morals.
-mechanical solidarity: everyone does everything
-organic solidarity: specialization
In the future:-Corporations: specialized groups with political representation, these representatives are altruistic and bada$$ sociologists. |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of time where morals decay. This theory was most likely influence by the French Revolution. Considered a transitional period before new morals take over. |
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Term
| Durkheim and the Individual |
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Definition
-society makes us who we are (nurture, not nature) if society changes the people will change. -The individual can only have the morals his or her society has.
-suicide:
-anomic (during periods of anomie)
-altruistic
-egoistic |
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Term
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Definition
-don’t just study history, look at statistics and numbers from history.
-Stats on suicide |
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Term
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Definition
-Biological vs. Social organisms
Similarities: start small and then grow, start simple, start
loosely organized, lifespan of whole is greater than individual
Differences: 1 external form, 2. degree of contact, 3. spatial
arrangement, 4. Consciousness
-Lamarckian
He saw the future to be characterized by spontaneous voluntary cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
Positivism and social construction
-looked for facts to prove his theories right |
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Term
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Definition
-Society is the medium by which humans experience themselves. Society is most reasonable when institutions do not divide subjects. Our categories of mediation permit us to reflect on the meaning of our standing.
--Interested in uniting humankind’s interest in reason for its own sake with the will to create a political entity based on reflective self insight.-historical breakthroughs are irreversible. Revolution and war not to be feared because they move us forward.
--complex division of labor or high degree of structural differentiation causes parts of oneself to become alienated |
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Term
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Definition
-Reason evolves as social individuals come to understand the effects of history and society on human consciousness. Reason is cumulative and progressive
-to understand the world in new ways or forms is already to have changed it. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Absolute Spirit or Idea (replaces God): the expression of a human totality that permits human experience to be all it can be. It is constantly helping people to be better. Good is anything reasonable that improved freedoms while Evil is anything stopping the Spirit from progressing to its most free and reasonable state |
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Term
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Definition
-Wanted people to think and to recognize they were thinking and through reason they could change their relation to reality.
-Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis
-Life gains meaning as the individual grows closer to the absolute spirit.
-Historical breakthroughs are irreversible |
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Term
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Definition
-agreed with Hegel’s categories of mediation
-human history is the story of a constant struggle among differently advantaged groups for the possession and control of scarce material resources
-ideas (views, opinions, morals) derive from the material conditions of life, not from the mind.
-All power is economic. The means of progress in society is constant inner-class conflict and struggle
- vision of the future: Utopian society |
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Term
-Preclass systems
-Asiatic societies
-Ancient societies
-Feudal Societies
-Capitalist Societies |
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Definition
(migratory clans or tribes)
(river civilizations)
(Athens, Rome)
(Post-Rome Europe)
(2 major classes, bourgeoisie and proletariat) |
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Term
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Definition
Historical materialism -material is the basis of all thought ideas and opinions (individual is defined by his or her relation to means of production).
-Historical analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
Weber bases the stratification of society on a typology
Class purely economic, ownership of property, wealth etc.
Status the prestige or respect as regarded by others
Party power obtained within an organization or institution
-Vision of the future:-bureaucratization and instrumentalization are “escape-proof” because of the emphasis that has been placed on rationalism, the future was to be a “dictatorship of the official” |
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Term
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Definition
| -He describes social action in means-ends chains and typologies |
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Term
| Rationally-purposeful action (Weber) |
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Definition
| which is action used to arrive to the most rational end in the most effective way Cheating on tax return |
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Term
| Value-rational action (Weber) |
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Definition
| which is a rational action used to arrive to an end that is not tangible (ie; salvation, love) |
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Term
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Definition
| is when the means become the ends in themselves and one acts without thinking rationally( impulsive and emotional action “heat of the moment” “carpe diem”#YOLO) smash golf clubs because you have a bad game |
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Term
| Traditional-action (Weber) |
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Definition
| is when the means and the ends have been established by customs and tradition and one acts without thinking. |
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Term
| Weber's types of Authority |
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Definition
-Rational-legal authority, get power from the accepted laws and norms
that have previously been established (Government officials)
-Traditional authority, derives its power from long-established customs, habits and social structures (Monarchs)
-Charismatic authority, individuals who possess grace(divine, emotional) or and are able to persuade others to act (Christ, Prophets) |
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Term
| (Weber) The two major modes of religious experience |
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Definition
Mysticism, the antithesis of asceticism in that it encourages sensuality and abandonment, An orientation that encourages the rejection of technical-cognitive and rational orientations in the world.
Asceticism, a type of social action that is highly disciplined, self-denying, and relatively individualistic orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
-Historical and ideographic approach
-Interpretation of meaning and analysis of causal relationships
-Not a big fan of positivism and empiricism, didn’t believe methodology of natural sciences could be applied to social sciences
-”Sociologists should acknowledge their use of ideal types in explaining reality; they should make explicit those aspects of reality they choose to accentuate” |
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Term
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Definition
Sociation
Diads and Triads all share certain characteristics
content doesn't matter--only interaction |
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Term
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Definition
-Libido, ego, superego, id, oedipus complex, transference
-- He saw theorized more about individuals within society rather than in society itself.
- Found that society might force individuals to subordinate instinctual drives to analysis
- Anxiety is a generalized and internalized fear that we will not live up to others’ expectations
- Studying religion helped to illustrate the way in which social forces could channel or manipulate human behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
results from instinctual drives and impulses located within the body that cater to the needs of the organism.
- The id does not recognize any form of rationality
- Can affect an individuals’ behavior without the individual being aware |
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Term
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Definition
permits the individual to calculate and test the effects of certain actions of others
- tries to maximize the individual's’ chances of control over themselves and others
- has both a conscious and unconscious component
- Forms defense mechanisms which permit the individual to maintain |
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Term
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Definition
Sentiment: Characteristics that are actually important
Residues: affects that are left after the characteristics
-Vision of the Future
- We are heading nowhere.
- Leaders do not have the best interest in men |
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Term
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Definition
| - Logical and non logical people |
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Term
| Nietzsche and evil (evil= not good for his goals for society) |
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Definition
| To Nietzsche it is evil for the individual to be restrained into the herd mentality. The individual needs to break out and anything that gets in the way of that is “evil” |
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Term
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Definition
| He wasn’t particularly interested in society as a whole but his interest in the individual did have implications on society as whole. He wanted the individual to be the best he/she could be according to that individual's best perspective. This would mean that those in society that would be able to hear this call to action would be able to see life for what it is. |
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Term
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Definition
| He wanted the individual to be the best he/she could be according to that individual's best perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| he doesn’t like it because he feels it makes people follow a morality that isn’t their own. It also makes people “weak”. He thinks that Christianity in particular stifles the essential forces of life, which are the apolainism and dionysianism. It strengthens the apolianism and smothers the dionysianism aspect of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| He thinks it is very similar to religion because of it’s strict demand to abide by its precepts. He once called it an “abyss of meaning”, to denote it’s useless nature. |
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