Term
| Durkheim stressed that interactions between people can have "vivifying effects. Asch would agree. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says that "dependence" is a brute material fact, not a matter of psychology or mutual understanding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asking and answering test questions would count as social action by Asch's definition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathy, for Asch, consists of experiencing an emotion identical to one we see someone else experience. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says that retaliating against an aggressor is no different than BEING an aggressor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch would agree that, by working, people change the world around them; but he would deny that, by working, people change themselves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch disagrees with those who consider work to be the "formaive principle" of societies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When two people carry a couch into a dormitory, their joint effort embodies what Asch calls a "unity of action." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says that the accomplishment of a "bucket brigade" is ultimately "more than and different from" the sum of individual efforts by brigade members. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch would regard the case of two boys carrying a log that neither could carry alone as an example of the "simplest form" of cooperation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says that perfect knowledge of the members of a group, as private individuals, would enable us to accurately predict the group's actions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch would regard basketball as a kind of competition within a wider framework of cooperation, in which two teams COOPERATE to COMPETE. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says that a dollar bill is a "social thing." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Objects have properties only in themselves, Asch says, NOT in their "relation" to us, as well. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facebook, iPhones, 120 Budig, and the Space Shuttle would all count, for Asch, as objects designed for specifically social aims and uses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says that only objects made by people can be social facts. This would include houses and tenement buildings but not sunlight, airwaves, or clouds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mauss was inspired to reflect on money by documents published by German missionaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mauss denies that the Ewe concept of dzo is linked to pearls or cowry shells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Melanesia, according to Mauss, the word “mana” is directly linked to
money. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mauss believes that the symbolic power of sacred talismans rendered them
suitable to represent buying power as well. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Talismans have been used by tribal chieftains to compel their underlings to render service to them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mauss believes that the prestige of talismans enables their owners to wield
authority over others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mauss regards the value of gold as inherent in gold, not in people’s ideas or attitudes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delafosse disagrees with Mauss about the meaning of dzo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Seashells have been valued highly in many places, including Ecuador,
Australia, and Africa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mauss disagrees with economists who say that expectations can be
quantified. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oualid disagrees that herds of animals have ever been used as money. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oualid argues that belief is an individual rather than a social phenomenon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pirou says that (except for economists) most people continue to believe that
gold coins are intrinsically valuable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pirou agrees with Keynes that gold is an outdated fetish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mauss says that most salt in Africa is produced by cooperative labor under
benign conditions in easily worked, easily accessible salt marshes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cohen says that, like gold or silver, salt rods can be divided into many small
units of value. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
La Boétie says that tyrants fall when people simply refuse to obey them any
longer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Children naturally obey their parents, La Boétie says, but adults naturally
obey reason. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People are intended by nature, La Boétie says, to attack each other like
armed robbers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
La Boétie says that variations in climate render people either fit or unfit for
subjection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Even when multitudes dislike a tyrant, La Boétie says, they may refrain from
rebellion because they don’t realize that others share their feelings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
La Boétie sympathizes with anyone who plots against emperors, even if they
are motivated only by the wish to become emperors themselves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| La Boétie sees no point in overthrowing a tyrant if tyranny is retained. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
La Boétie says that people who accept subjection to a ruler fight with great
courage, if not for themselves, at least for their rulers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dictators are seldom secure until they have eliminated those “of any worth”
who could challenge them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
“Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown,” as William Shakespeare wrote.
La Boétie would disagree, arguing that even tyrants have little to fear from
their people. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
La Boétie laments how readily the public accepts dishonorable bribes and
insults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
La Boétie says that even unjust rulers often give their people more they
ever take from them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Julius Caesar was a rarity, La Boétie says -- a praiseworthy tyrant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It is often said that Nero bought public loyalty with “bread and circuses.”
La Boétie makes a very similar point, though in different language. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
La Boétie praises the Spartans for rejecting Persian offers of power and
privilege. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
La Boétie says it would be “presumptuous” of him to accuse the French of
believing in myth and magic as the ancients did. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan says that she was the very first writer to call attention to the
poverty and wretchedness of the working class. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan estimates that 40-50 million working class members in France are
“exasperated” by suffering and despair. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan advises the workers to wait patiently for the government to
consider and heed the justice of their demands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For Tristan, one key role of the Workers Union would be to provide
institutional care for the young, the old, and the disabled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The anarchist Peter Kropotkin later became famous as an advocate of
“mutual aid.” Tristan advocated something similar. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan feels that the best way to reach workers is to improve their
literacy by increasing school funding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan agrees, in Note 2 at the end of Chapter 1, that the Saint-
Simonian phrase “the most populous and poorest class” is just as good a
definition of the working class as her own definition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small, face-to-face groups, Tristan says, are the only associations that
give workers a chance of escaping poverty and ignorance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan sympathized with the Irish in their struggle with their colonial
conquerors, their British “lords and masters.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Charter of 1830 omits one essential right, Tristan says – the right to
work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Even the most perfect book, Tristan says, cannot produce positive results
all by itself. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan says that the destructive power of the French revolution of 1789
was actually quite small and limited. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tristan advocates what she calls a “humanitarian” point of view. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan praises Louis Blanc for defending the working class and upholding
the “necessity” of labor organization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only fair wage policy, Tristan says, is to pay everyone equally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan asks her “brother” workers to carefully consider how women’s
concerns affect their own material interests. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In London, “the city” is the old part of town, where sober business is
conducted without a display of elegance or ostentation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
London is so completely a business community, Tristan says, that the
aristocracy stays away from the city entirely, preferring country life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan says that French laws before Napoleon had initiated “the
liberation of women.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Irish orator O’Connell was an imposing figure, as physically striking
and elegant as he was eloquent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Marx later said, in Capital, that factory production in manufacturing turns
workers into “appendages to machines.” Tristan saw matters similarly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bread, for the proletarian, is a necessity, not a luxury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tristan says the people dominate machines, not vice versa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tristan said that stokers, in the furnace rooms of the great factories, rest
only a few hours between shifts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In societies dominated by the bourgeoisie, people are bound together
principally by ties of sentiment and personal loyalty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Marx and Engels say that the bourgeoisie is a deeply conservative class,
which freezes production into unchanging and final forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Marx and Engels portray the bourgeoisie as an inherently international
class. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Society falls into commercial crisis, Marx and Engels say, when the
bourgeoisie under-produces; when there is too little industry, too little
commerce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Marx and Engels say that modern factory workers, like soldiers in
industrial armies, are despotically ruled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Marx and Engels say that the growing maturity of the bourgeois mode of
production stabilizes wages and makes proletarian life less precarious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Marx and Engels say that proletarian unity is disrupted, but not
altogether destroyed, by competition between workers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pauperism in modern society, according to Marx and Engels, develops
even more rapidly than wealth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| McDougall defined instinct as a "rigidly fixed motor response." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Freud saw aggression as an occasional response to a specific stimulus,
not an organic feature of human nature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm's view is that aggression is NOT a biologically given and
spontaneously flowing impulse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says many people "prefer" to believe that violence and the
dangers of nuclear war spring from uncontrollably biological roots. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says that population density in the Paleolithic era sharply
intensified competition between tribes for food and space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lorenz said that, if society reorganized itself to eliminate the major forms
of aggression, the aggressive instinct would fade away |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Freud and Lorenz agree that aggressively letting of steam is healthy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lorenz says that damming up aggression is especially dangerous among
people who know, understand, and like each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fromm doubts that a goose or fish has a "self" in the human sense. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Lorenz, friendship is found only in species with highly
developed intra-species aggression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lorenz says that instinctive inhibitions are unalterable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Freud's letter to Einstein in 1933 was critical of pacifism and immodest
about Freudian theory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm agrees that the best antidote to aggression is personal
acquaintance with your potential enemies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says that one way to reduce or even eliminate aggressiveness is
to reduce insecurity, greed, and narcissism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lorenz calls himself a patriot, loyal to his home country |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm praises humanistic educators in Germany for their efforts to
promote peace. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asch says that society has always deliberately and extensively attempted
to "engineer" consent and manipulate opinion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bernheim regarded "suggestibility" as the opposite of hypnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tarde rejected the idea that people can be viewed as "somnambulists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asch questions whether people's opinions are truly as "watery" as
investigators sometimes think. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asch says "dissenters" reacted with surprise, worry, and embarrassed
smiles when they found themselves disagreeing with the majority. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The "dissenting" subject was actually a confederate who helped Asch
deceive the rest of the experimental group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asch stopped the experiment and discounted the results if the subject
appeared to suspect that the majority was colluding against him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nearly two-thirds of Asch's subjects resisted the majority and stayed true
to their own opinions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asch says the most highly compliant subjects agreed with the majority
"nearly" all the time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Many extremely compliant subjects regarded the OTHERS in the group as
"sheep." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch always asked the majority make only the most plausible errors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When, after six trials, minority subjects lost the support of former allies,
they remained just as independent as they had been before. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Minority subjects became just as submissive when their supporters
"deserted" to the majority as when they simply left the experiment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asch says that people "surrender" their independence when they yield to
the dictates of conformity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says that his experimental results justify the deepest pessimism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asch warns against underestimating the human capacity for
independence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
“Popeye” cartoons show a hero whose strength comes from eating
spinach; repeating this message over and over again can be seen as a
kind of “positive reinforcement” for eating spinach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says that Skinner is very clear about the goals and values that
people should be conditioned to internalize |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says that the supreme norm of "technotronic society" is also the
fullest realization of humanistic values. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skinner says that, in relations between masters and slaves, "control" is
not one-sided but mutual. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skinner believes that appeals to self-interest can be powerful enough to
determine behavior "completely." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The psychologist A. H. Buss, like other behaviorists, believes that
“intention” is the most important of all psychological concepts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fromm says observable behaviors are the only valid scientific data. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Milgram's experimental subjects were exclusively ill-educated and poorly
paid workers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Milgram's subjects were allowed to decide for themselves how much
voltage to administer when they shocked the learner. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says that Milgram's experiment revealed not only obedience and
conformity but cruelty and destructiveness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Zimbardo placed 90 of his test subjects in the role of prison guards, and
another 90 were placed in the role of prisoners. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm regards the Zimbardo experiment as an extreme example of the
humiliation and degradation of test subjects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says that his own empirical research shows that the percentage
of unconscious sadists in an average population is not zero |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says that Zimbardo's thesis is confirmed by data from Hitler's
concentration camps. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bettelheim says that apolitical middle-class prisoners in the concentration
camps tended to submit unquestioningly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Frustration-aggression theory, Fromm says, claims to have found a
general explanation of aggression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Ross, “dispositions” include culturally learned responses to
people outside the community. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LeVine says that many social scientists rejected the once-popular idea that
watered-down psychoanalytic theory could resolve major world problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ross describes Freud’s theory as “reductionist.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ross says that infants strive exclusively to fulfill their physical cravings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Linus, in the comic strip Peanuts, almost always carries a blanket. Winnicott
would call this blanket a “transitional object.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ross says that, because the human capacity to form intimate bonds with
others is innate, it cannot be damaged by a lack of early nurturance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ross says that harsh physical and emotional experiences in childhood induce
feelings of guilt and anxiety. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ross says authoritarian personality theory, like orthodox psychoanalytic
theory, rejects the idea that severe child training leads to later aggressivity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For Ross, loving child-rearing is simply the opposite of harsh socialization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ross says that “diluted marriage” is almost completely unknown in
patrilocal, polygynous cultures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Whiting & Whiting, children develop unusually authoritarian and
aggressive tendencies in societies where fathers play remote and
unsympathetic roles in child rearing and family life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ross says that psychocultural theory is extraordinarily effective in explaining
why SPECIFIC social groups become targets of hostility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Until Morgan wrote about them, the Iroquois were an obscure and
neglected people. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tooker says that Iroquois clans claimed to be descended, not from
totemic ancestral founders, but from stars and other celestial bodies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Five tribes united to form the “League of the Iroquois,” with a council of
50 chiefs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Newly chosen Iroquois chiefs were given the names of their deceased
predecessors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iroquois decisions were binding only if they were reached by consensus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every clan in every Iroquois tribe had at least one chief |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tooker says that, by choosing the chiefs, Iroquois women acted as the
ruling political power in their society. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Iroquois “Three Sisters” were angelic but avenging divinities to
whom the Iroquois prayed for good fortune in war. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Iroquois lived semi-settled, semi-nomadic lives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tooker says that the Iroquois posited “reciprocal obligations” between
chiefs and the people, between spirits and humans, and between men
and women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iroquois villages were regarded as pre-eminently female domains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Iroquois women, upon marriage, left their original homes to move in
with their husbands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The typical Iroquois man lived in a single longhouse from childhood to
old age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iroquois chiefs could not assume that their sons would succeed them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
50% or more of the Ss in the obedience experiment obeyed the orders
they were given completely in every version of the experiment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elms & Milgram note that Ss occasionally failed to obey the experimenter
even when they couldn’t see or hear the victim’s protests. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Half of Elms’ & Milgram’s test subjects were men and half were women. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ss were paid to participate in the Elms & Milgram personality study |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elms & Milgram gave their subjects personality tests (including the MMPI
and the California F Scale) and they also interviewed them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ss were interviewed mainly about the hot button issues of the day – the
Vietnam war, the civil rights movement, nuclear testing, and the Cold
War. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
S’s were asked to complete “semantic differential” scales” that included
references to parents, employers, and the Nazi war criminal Adolf
Eichmann. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Obedient Ss scored higher than defiant Ss on the California F Scale even
when education was removed from consideration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The authors regret that they did not ask Ss who had served in the
military whether they had ever actually fired a gun at an enemy soldier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nearly half of the Ss had been on active duty in the military at one time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obedient Ss sympathized with their victims, and even “glorified” them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elms & Milgram say that, overall, obedient Ss appear to be more likely to
“easily” accept the idea of injuring others than defiant Ss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Like Adorno et al., Elms & Milgram found that overconformity tends to
accompany underlying destructiveness toward established authority. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elms & Milgram reject the argument that highly obedient Ss are in any
way ambivalent towards authority |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elms & Milgram deny that the details of their study permit us to picture
the obedient S as an authoritarian personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elms & Milgram found that obedient Ss obeyed in specific cases even
though, in general, they did not like command-obedience situations in
the abstract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The first independent Rwandan regime, led by Kayibanda, won lasting
popularity by establishing a multi-party democracy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Over one million households in Habyarimana’s Rwanda belonged to
“cellules” of about 100 households each. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women grew most of the coffee in Habyarimana’s Rwanda |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The system of forced coffee cultivation in Rwanda broke down when
people simply refused to participate any longer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Arusha Accord of 1993 would have given the RPF control over nearly
25% of Rwanda’s ministries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The word “Tutsi” means “fearsome archer” or, more generally, “foe.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both “land chiefs” and “cattle chiefs” were exclusively Tutsis, not Hutus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very few Rwandan peasants at the time of the genocide owned radios. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rootless youth who migrated to the cities organized “moral purity”
brigades that banned drunkenness and brawling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seven in ten Rwandan genocide survivors were women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Among “non-rescuers,” the Oliners distinguish “actives” (who said that
they had fought the Nazis) from “bystanders” (who kept to themselves). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Oliners say that people who find gratification in helping others are
not really altruistic, even if they seek no reward or recognition and they
risk more than they gain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People in every nation that fell under Nazi domination (Poland, France,
Holland, etc.) were equally likely to witness Nazi brutality personally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most rescuers lived alone with few neighbors and did not worry that their
efforts would be disclosed or discovered by anyone close to them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rescuers were more likely than others to belong to networks and families
that they had reason to think would help and support them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most rescuers volunteered their help, without waiting to be asked. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to the Oliners, rescuers “simply happened” to have more
opportunities to help Jews than non-rescuers did. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Poles were “shocked” when they fell to the Nazis; the French were more
likely to feel “despair.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Values of “economic competence,” the Oliners say, are often linked with
materialism and may be linked to conformism and ethnocentrism, too. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bystanders were substantially more likely than rescuers to report that
their parents had demanded obedience from them. |
|
Definition
|
|
