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| - the scientific study of interactions and relationships among human beings |
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| people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences |
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- (Comte) First stage was theological, second stage was metaphysical, third stage is positive or scientific.
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| Mechanical Solidarity /who |
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- Durkheim) people in community function together as simple machine; based on similarities.
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| (Durkheim) society functions as a complex entity that depends on the proper functioning of a variety of parts; based on differences |
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| Collective conscience /who |
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| Durkheim) similar circumstances lead people to have shared ideas, values and goals |
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| Tonnies) emotionally based communal relationships |
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| (Tonnies) goal-driven social relationships |
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| – (Weber) people see one another as means to ends |
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| Non-rational behavior /who |
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| Weber) behavior not geared to achieving a goal |
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| Rationalization of society |
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| societies modernize, individuals demonstrate more rational behaviors |
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| (Marx) Things such as ideas, values, social norms, morals, laws, etc., are secondary to and in service of the economic realities of society |
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| Marx believed that the most crucial thing about society was its primary mode of production and distributions of goods, that is, its economic system |
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| founded Hull House, first sociologist to win Nobel Prize, research focused on poverty |
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| first African-American to earn PhD from Harvard, saw race and ethnicity as important issues in modern society, helped found NAACP |
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| people pursue their own ends, follow own ideas |
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| individuals get locked into larger patterns of racist behavior, perhaps without realizing it |
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| – (Merton) those social functions with intended and obvious purposes |
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| Merton) those social functions with unintended and often hidden consequences |
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| consequence of action is positive to society |
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| consequence of action is negative to society |
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- (Wittgenstein) what we study scientifically is not always easily measured and predictions can rarely be made with absolute assurance. We have to be aware of the ‘fuzziness’ of the relationships we study as such a wide variety of factors may be involved.
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| very small initial difference may lead to enormous change in outcome |
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| Functionalist perspective |
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- societies develop a general consensus regarding norms and values, society is made up of many integrated parts which change in response to changes in other parts, society seeks stability and conflict is dysfunctional
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| –– within society are subgroups who hold different values and norms from dominant culture, subgroups are caught in competition for scarce resources, society is never harmonious and conflict is normal |
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| Symbolic Interaction Paradigm |
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- also called social construction paradigm) How people act depends on how they see and evaluate society, people learn from each other how to see and evaluate society, people constantly work to interpret their own behavior and those of others to determine what these behaviors ‘mean’, when people do not attach the same meanings to behaviors, there will be misunderstanding and conflict
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| focus on interaction of individuals and the context of those interactions |
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- – focus on broad social phenomena, such as social structures, systems, and institutions
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- things observed through one’s physical senses
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- (Max Weber) pieces of evidence that contradict what you have always believed or want to believe about the social world
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- process of judging other peoples and their customs and norms as inferior to one’s own group customs and norms
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- the belief that other people and their ways of doing things can be understood only in term of the cultural context of those people
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| – a thing, with different attributes, which is thought to influence or be influenced by something else |
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| a characteristic or quality that describes a variable |
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| asserting a relationship between different variable in order to test our assumption |
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| variables that are affected by other variables; effect |
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| variables that influence or affect other variables; cause |
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- – when variables vary in the same direction
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- – researcher participation can influence subjects
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- – combine research methods to zero in on social phenomena
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| professional promise that subjects of research will not be hurt as a result |
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| assigned to you by society (race, gender, etc) |
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- – pinpoint or isolate features of the world which are important to the scientist
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- – defines, describes, and explains the relationship between variables or groups
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| a deceptive, misleading, or false notion, belief |
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| the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture |
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| Behavior that violates norms |
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| socially accepted form of behavior |
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| Collective Conscience/ who |
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| Emile Durkhiem- totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average member of a common society |
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| Robert Merton: distincture between the goals promoted by society and the legitimate means in which to achieve those goals |
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| Devience is learned behavior |
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| Primary and Secondary deviance |
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| Stigma of negative social being can work to spoil ones identity |
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| Maintenance of the status quo and social change |
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| occurs when ppl are not integrated into society; lack ties to social group |
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Once labeled in society, this label sticks to you |
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| Society is made up of social layers that are arranged in a heirarchy |
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| Ones rank is determined at birth (Hinduism) |
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| social status determined by birth, allowed professional, not personal relationships with members not of estate |
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| system believed to be open and not based on hereditary factors (achieved) |
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| Theoretical Concepts of Class/ who |
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| Weber/Marx: WEBER: saw more levels between Marx's social rankings (Marx was thinking too narrowly) |
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Horizontal: moving from one occupation to the next in the same situation Vertical: moving up or down in a stratification system |
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Open: great deal of horiz. and vert. mobility Closed: no mobility |
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| Explanation of why social arrangements are right and proper |
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| the notion that ppl who have wealth, fame etc.. find it easier to accumulate these things rather than those who dont |
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| some material molded by the creator to become better |
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| Oscar Lewis: turns poverty into a viscious circle |
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| little or nothing to do with changes in equality |
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| Upper middle lower etc.. ascribed or achieved |
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| transfers from generation to generation; never ending cycle |
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| persistant judgements based on incorrect information of a societal group |
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| Not all prejudice ppl practice discrimination, not all ppl who discriminate are prejudice |
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| said that prejudice was based on innaccurate info and illogical arguements |
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| we may single out minorities b/c they live by different standards and they recieve unequal treatment in result |
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| Men and women in New Ginaeu- American Anthropolist |
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| Institutional Discrimination |
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discrimination of certain ppl built into a social system |
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Individual Discrimination |
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discriminatory acts towards certain ppl built into a social system |
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| set stigmas about a group of ppl: usually not true |
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| ppl of different races evolved to the slithern |
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| group in society with the most institutional surprise |
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What kind of System is caste? Open Closed Ameritocracy Capitolistic |
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Who came up w/ uncertainty principle? |
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| What distiguishes any society from a smaller group? |
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| Student/ Teacher relationship is example of what type of relationship? |
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What level of norm violation is eating pizza for breakfast? mores taboo sanction folkway |
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| What kind of system allows a person to work into the highest rank? |
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| What sociologist studied deviance w/ regaurds to suicide? |
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Who claims the ability to look beyond what he called personal troubles of individulas to see the public issues of social structure? |
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When the rich get richer and the not so rich get poorer, this is an example of? |
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| Moving Between social class is known as? |
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| How is one's rank determined using the caste system? |
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| Where did we borrow the term stratification from? |
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| Earth scientists (rock levels) |
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| What was the main difference between Weber and Marx ideas of social class? |
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| Marx saw only 2 social classes, Weber saw a larger range |
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| Deviance is a normative behavior in society T or F |
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| What occurs when ppl are not well integrated into society? |
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| Who came up with the idea of primary and secondary deviance? |
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| anything that represents something else to more than one person |
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| dont eat pizza for breakfast |
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| norms against unjustified assaults |
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| incest or cannibalism HORRIBLE |
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| General Idea about what is good/desirabel as opposed to what is bad/undesirable |
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| Culture conditions action |
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| culture influences people's behaviors; eating habits etc |
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| set of ideas about a proper response to an important societal problem |
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| Non material and material culture |
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Non: itangeable elements of culture: right or wrong, beautiful or ugly Material: things humans make or adopt from raw nature: computers |
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| Sub culture and counter culture |
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Sub: a group of ppl whose shared specialized values, norms, set them apart from others Counter: subculture w/in a culture |
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| ppls ideas about what is or isn't real |
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| Shared beliefs that are distorted by economic or political condition |
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| things humans make from nature |
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visible responses to behavior (informal and formal, pos and neg) |
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| Prison sentance, library fine |
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| The sum total of expectations about the behavior attached to a particular social status |
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multiple roles make strain as MANY duties are in order; too mcuh on your plate |
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| achieved and ascribed statuses are deemed inconsistant by others |
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| Seperate roles conflict with each other; demands clash |
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| one or more other individuals w/ whom we ahsre the same sense of identity or common goals and w/ whom we interact w/in specific social structure |
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| position that a person occupies in a social structure. achieved or ascribed |
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| groups of ppl that bond together to achieve a specific goal |
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| status others deem most telling about an individual. The individual doesn't get to choose, ppl judge based on this |
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Role strain Status Inconsistency Role Conflict |
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| Group Vs. Social aggregate: EXAMPLES |
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Group: ppl stuck in traffic going to a WSU game Aggregate: ppl stuck in traffic w/ no common bond |
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| Max Weber: what coined? __EX |
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Ideal-type bureaucracies shoe company w/ president in charge, VP, factory line supervisors ans ffactory workers: each stay w/in jurisdiction of job |
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| Primary group & who coined |
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CH Cooley refers to small intimate group in which relationships tend to be Gemeinschaft |
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| term for social relationships that are ends in and of themselves |
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| non-intimate group of ppl whose relationships tend to be Gessellshaft |
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| social relationships that are entered into as means to an end |
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| Weber: refers to a situation in which ppl in organizations become so wrapped up in following rules and procedures they forget why they work so hard |
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| when the process becomes more important than the outcome |
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| totality of ppl and social relations in a given geographic space |
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| set of ideas about the proper response to an important societal problem |
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| Max Weber a methodological strategy: "analytic construct" |
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| any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern |
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| Attributes of social institutions (4) |
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Generally unplanned develope gradually inherently conservative change slowly |
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must be able to reproduce self sufficient |
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| Social Structures are made up of... |
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| statuses and attained roles |
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thoeries of socialization -the looking glass self -social self arises through interaction w/ others |
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| - Self is product of interaction between I and Me |
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GH Mead self as subject viewing |
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GH Mead self as object being viewed |
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| process of taking on someone else's role in order to see their perspective |
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| the process by which ppl acquire cultural competency & through which society perpertuates social structures |
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| reference groups- groups in which socialization takes place (family, work, school etc..) |
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| Intense socialization process that involves stripping away the individuals existing social self to learn new roles (boot camp or jail) |
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| whether or not humans need social interaction to survive. Humans find it hard to survive w/o social interaction |
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Charles Horton Cooley imagining how we look to another person and their reaction to our appearance; we have some feeling such as pride or shame |
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George Herbert Mead ME; how one thinks others see them I; part of you that is uniquely YOU |
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| place where large number of like situated individuals live, cut off from wider society for a period of time (mental institution) |
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organized complew of attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviors associated w/ an individual |
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| not a social group, but a collectivity of ppl who happen to be in the same place at the same time |
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Robert Merton: manifest function of socialization |
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| to help ppl acquire cultural competency |
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| Robert Merton: Latent Function of Socialization |
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| To perpetuate the nature of existing social structure |
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Which is not an ex. of soc. institution race religion education justice |
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Which of Jean Piaget's developmental stages involves the understanding of one's physical relationship to the environment and the development of of object permanence? Sensori-motor stage pre-operational stage formal operational stage concrete operational stage |
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| belief that other ppl and their ways of doing things can only be understood by the ppl of thier culture |
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WHich is not an agent of socialization? families schools religious org. super ego |
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Who coined Id, ego, and super ego? |
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| attempts to satisfy Id w/ limits set by Super ego |
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| Process By which ppl acquire competency in their culture is called? |
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| The generalized other is... |
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| Mead's conception of ppl see themselves in relation to the community as a whole |
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Which is ascribed status? woman police officer mother president of PTA |
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Achieved Status? man registered nurse american caucasian |
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changes in social institutions occur as a result of.... changes in political regimes in other social institutions human biology religious doctrines |
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| changes in other social institutions |
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| Max Weber was very into bureaucracies, he described what he called Ideal type bur. What is this? |
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| It is "fully rationalized" in that it is organized to meet the needs of the organization as efficiently as possible |
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| A person who is both a police officer and a parent would experience what if they had to arrest their child? |
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| diff cultures borrow elements of material and non material culture from one another |
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| diff. cultures seem alike as result of great deal of cultural diffusion |
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| using one's own culture in order to make judgments about another culture |
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| Process by which the Ego finds acceptable outlets for the urges of the Id which are forbidden by the Super-EGo |
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which would not be considered a formal sanction? Mothers disaproval prison sentance making honor roll expulsion from WSU |
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| Being laughed at, shunned or made to feel humiliated are examples of what sanction? |
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| Informal negative sanction |
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| An approving smile, a positive comment are examples of what sanction? |
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Honesty, equality, and self determination are ex of what? social instit. norms values symbols |
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| Jean Piaget's work was considered more reliabel than Frued's b/c... |
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| built theory from observations which help describe concepts which generated hypotheses which could be tested empirically |
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ppl whose shared specialized values, norms, beliefs, or use material culture sets them apart from other ppl in society |
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| set of ppl that ideas not only set them apart from larger culture but also opposed to |
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| knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and customs shared by members of a small group, used by group members to facilitate interaction |
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| Frued's :internalized Parent |
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| Ethnocentrism is hard to avoid in soc. b/c |
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| ppl are products of the social groups to which they beling. They have difficulty seeing things from perspective of others in other social groups |
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| Max Weber suggested that one of the barriers to understanding and interpretting social research is the natural reluctance of ppl to accept findings which contradict their conventional wisdom. These are described as |
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| Rapid changes in the political, technological and economic lives of Europeans brought greatr socail upheavale and ppl wanted to hind answers to these new social problems.. according to whom? |
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| WEB DuBois believed that Durkheim and Weber |
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| Had largely overlooked the impact of race system on modern society |
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| Relies solely on first-hand and second hand experiences to interpret the social world w/o looking for more and better data |
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| view that society is not realy harmonious but is made up of groups in competition for resources |
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| Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm |
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Definition
| model of social world that assume that how ppl interact depends in large part on how they see and evaluate reality and that reality is a social construction |
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| model that assumes that parts of society work |
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Weber's idea that in order to understand how other ppl percieve the world, we need "empathetic understanding" |
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| Consequences of social action that are unintended or hidden |
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| Participant Observer down side |
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| if ppl know they're being watched they may change their behavior |
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| When condicting research you may defend your results only if |
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| more than one method of research is used |
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organizing research to collect data from variety of perspectives using multiple research methods |
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| Important ethical consideration when conducting sexual assault research is |
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protection of the anonymity and confidentiality of the subjects in your studies |
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| In Marx'x theory, the most important forces that shape society are |
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Emile Durkheim the increasing specialization of the division of labor in society lead ppl to be held together by thier interdependence |
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| solidarity based on likeness |
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| Social facts cannot be explained solely by psychological or biological facts, but only in relation to other social facts... they have a reality which is |
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