Term
| what is soil to scientists and engineers |
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Definition
materail that can be altered by physical, chemical, and organic processes that can support organic life.
any material that can be removed w/o explosives |
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Term
| what can assist in the estimation of landslides and , and assists with planning to minnimize their impact |
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Definition
| evalulation of relative soil ages |
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Term
| the physical or chemical breakdown of rocks is called what? and is the first step in soil_____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| a residual soil is one which remains essential__________, and trnasported soil is moved by three things__________ and then is modified in its new location |
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Definition
in place
water, wind , glaciers |
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Term
| the characteristics of soil are a function of what 5 processes? |
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Definition
climate
topography
material
time
organic processes |
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Term
| vertical and ghorizontal movements of materials in a soil system create a distinct laye, parellel to the surface, collectively called a _________. the layers are called zones or soil________________. |
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Definition
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Term
the o horizon is compiosed entielry of___________ and other___________
the A horizon contains a good deal of both __________ and ___________ material. |
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Definition
plant litter
organic material
organic
mineral |
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Term
| the B horizon is known also as _____________, and it underlies the O,A, or E horizon and consists of a variety of ____________ |
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Definition
zone of accumulation
materials |
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Term
| the most important B horizon is the ________. This horizon is enriched in clay minerals that have been__________ downward by ____________ processes. what accumulates at the Bk horizon? |
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Definition
Bt
translocated
soil forming
calcium carbonate |
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Term
a soil horizon thqt has been impregnated with calcium carbonate that is morphologey is dominated by the carbonate is disignated a _____________ horizon
what term is used for the irregular zccumulation of layers of calcium carbonate in soils. |
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Definition
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Term
| This horizon lies directly over the unaltered parent material and consists of parent material partially altered by weathering processes. |
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Definition
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Term
| the consolidated bedrock that underlies the soil is known as_________. and is also refered to as the unal;tered parent material. |
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Definition
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Term
| this layer is made up of compacted calcium carbonate, iron oxide, or silica. This is nearly impermeable, and restricts downward water movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| what causes material to be dark, and what causes material to be almost white. what causes soil to be either red , brown, dark red, or red brown? |
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Definition
abundant organic material
iron, aluminum oxide leeching
clay minerals, iron oxides |
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Term
| calcium carbonate will turn soil what color |
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Definition
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Term
soil coler may be a good indicator of what?
if they are well oxidated what will happen to iron oxides. |
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Definition
how well drained soil is
it turns red |
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Term
| what are 2 problems associated with poorly drained soils |
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Definition
lower slope stability
uselesness as disposal medium for sewage |
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Term
| granular structure is common in _________ horizons, whereas ____________ and __________ are most likely found in _____________ horizons |
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Definition
A
Blocky
prismatic structures
B |
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Term
| A weakly developed soil profile is generally characterized by an _____ horizon over a ___________ horizon. |
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Definition
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Term
| a moderatley developed soil profile consist of an ___ overlying a ____________ that overlies the ___________ horizon. |
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Definition
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Term
| A well developed soil profile is charcterized by redder coler in the _______ horizon, more translocation of clay to the__________ horizon, and stronger structure. |
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Definition
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Term
| soil chronosequence is a series of soils arranged from _________ to __________ on basis of ___________ development. this information provides what to scientists. |
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Definition
youngest
oldest
profile development
recent history of landscape |
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Term
| if all the pore spaces in a block of soil is filled with water it is called___________ and ifotherwise it is called___________. |
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Definition
saturated condition
unsaturated |
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Term
| water content/moisture content is important for determining what two things? |
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Definition
soil strenth
potential to sink/swell |
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Term
| water in soils may flow___________ or __________ through soil pores. |
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Definition
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Term
| in unsaturated flow the water molecules closest to the surface of a particle are held________, and as the film thickens, the water content __________ and the outer layers of water may begin to move. |
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Definition
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Term
| the emphasizeing of physical and chemical properties of chemical properties of soil profile is called_____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| soil taxonomy is useless for agriculture and land use T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| what system is used widely in engineering practices and thus the evalulation of hazrds? |
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Definition
| unified soil classification system |
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Term
| Subsidence is a type of ground failure characterized by nearly vertical deformation, or the _____________ of earth materials. it often produces circular_________, but it may produce____________ or _____________ patterns of failure. |
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Definition
downward sinking
surface pits
linear
irregular |
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Term
| shrink / swell and freeze / that are not as dramatic as other subsidence types T/F. |
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Definition
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Term
| Subsidence is coomonly assocuated with the dissolution of __________, such as limestone, beneath the surface. the resultant landscape has closed depressions and is known as ___________ |
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Definition
soluble rocks
karst topography |
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Term
| what are three known activities that cause subsidence? |
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Definition
earthquakes
magma drainage
water pumping |
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Term
| how does dissolution occur? |
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Definition
| ground water moves through rock that dissolves easily |
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Term
| rock salt and rock gypsum are dissolved by _________, and while dolostone and marble dissolve from___________ |
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Definition
fresh water
percolating water |
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Term
| how does percolating water become acidic ? the carbon dioxide is is prodiced by bacterial decomposition of _________ |
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Definition
when carbon dixode is is dissolved in it
dead plants , animals |
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Term
| what three materasils are especially vulnerable to dissolution? |
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Definition
| thin bedded, fractured, or well jointed cyrstalline limestone |
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Term
| where void space is relatively close to the surface, pits known as ____________ may develop |
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Definition
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Term
| when sinkholes are developed in large numbers the surafe area will be known as __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what underlays areas of karst plains? are these the sites of dissapearing streams |
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Definition
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Term
| dissolution of sinkholes occur when the downward infiltration of of _______ becomes concentrated in holes created by ___________ and _____________ |
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Definition
acidic groundwater
joints
fractures |
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Term
| collapse sinkholes develop by the collapse of surface or near surface________ into an __________ cavern |
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Definition
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Term
what is the primary mechanisim for forming caves?
what are two things needed for cave systems to be formed? |
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Definition
groundwater moving through rock
continous water replenishment
not saturated with weathering products |
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Term
large / steep limestone towers rising above the surrounding landscape are known as____________.
these are residual landforms of highly eroded____________ landscape. |
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Definition
tower karst
karst landscape |
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Term
| areas where groundwater naturally discharges at the land surface are known as ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
in polar regions, and at high altitide, much of the soil and underlying sediment remain frozen throughout the year, this condition is called____________.
this consists of paticles of _________ or __________ that remain cemented with ice for at least ____________ years. |
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Definition
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Term
when undisturbed by humans permafrost is limited to the upper______________ of earth material.
the extensive thawiing of permafrost can lead to irregular landsurafe knowns as _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
raopidly depoited fine sand and mud contain a great deal of ____________ space between the ____________ particles.
what is needed to keep deltas from subsideing |
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Definition
water filled
sediment
constant sediment desposit |
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Term
the natural tendancy for deltas to subside can be amplifide if sedimintation on the delta plain is __________ or ___________.
levees restrict what? |
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Definition
slowed
stoped
natual flow of sediment |
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Term
| loess are loosely bound with clay particels and water soluble minerals that ___________ rapidly, and remain so for_____________. percolating water weakens these bonds of clay particles and dissolves the minerals holds. the entire deposit can collpase and this is known as___________ |
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Definition
dry out
a long time
collapse soil |
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Term
| this matter contains partially decayed organic materials, when water is drained from these soils they____________, and ________ and are exposed to processes that cause them to dissapear. What is this called? |
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Definition
dry out
compact
organic soils |
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Term
| what two processes has caused the Florida evergaldes to subside 1 - 9 feet. |
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Definition
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Term
subsidence episodes are believed to indicate___________ along the cascadia subduction zone.
___________ drags the underwater seawards edge of the continenet ________ and produces an upward bulge along the coast |
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Definition
episodic great earthquakes
buckling
downward |
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Term
| how do magma vents cause subsidence? |
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Definition
| volcanic eruptions cause magma to be expelled from vents, and is seseptable to collapse. |
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Term
| swelling can be cuased by________ of water molecules to layers within the crystal structure of some___________ |
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Definition
chemical attraction
clay minerals |
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Term
the smectite group has the_____ clay crystals, and has the greatest________ to attract water molecules.
clay rich in this material have the least / greatest potential for shrinking or swelling |
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Definition
smallest
surface area
greatest |
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Term
| the presence of shrink-swell clays can be recognized by what 5 features on the land surface |
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Definition
cracks
alternating pattersn of small mounds
depressions in land surface
wavy bumps in asphalt
tilting of infrastructure |
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Term
what places are prone to shrink and swell?
what do large trees do to local soil mositure |
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Definition
areas with pronoumnceed wet seasons followed by dry seasons
draws and uses alot of it |
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Term
soils that have the potential to move and expand when tehy freeze are calked_________ this volume increase causes an upward movement of soil particles and the land surface is known as ____________.
what are three conditions needed for frost heaving to occur. |
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Definition
frost susceptible soils
frost heaving
soil remain below freezing
water must be present
must be signifigant proportion of silt size particles |
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Term
| acive sinkhole formation is most common in ____________ climates.permafrost covers more than _______ % of the worlds land surface |
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Definition
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Term
what two occurances on the water table trigger collapse of sinkholes.
what force keeps the cavern from collapsing? |
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Definition
natural and artificial fluctuations
buoyancy |
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Term
the use of groundwater by animals and humans causes what?
what is a common source of pollution for ground water?
what two factorslower the ground water table? |
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Definition
pollution
waste disposal
frequent drought , heavy groundwater use |
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Term
how did people in the arctic keep permafrost from melting?
what kind of damage does permasfrost melting cause? |
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Definition
they built on posts or pillars
cave ins |
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Term
in many years soil subsidence has surpassed other natural hazards in cost damage T/F
what may causeunderground water lines to rupture
frost heaving also moves larger particles ___ at a faster rate than smaller particles. |
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Definition
T
signifigant change in water moisture
upward |
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Term
as land is lowered relative to surrounding bodied of water, the incidence of flooding __________.
on sloping land surfaces, frost heaving and the shrinking and swelling of clay interact with ____________.
drying of earth materials is contributing to regional subsidence and to the formation of large polygonal__________ |
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Definition
increases
mass wasting
desiccation cracks |
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Term
| linear crack called _______ are produced by overpumping of ground water. |
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Definition
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Term
what % of the world population lives on ground water, and in the U.S what is the percentage.
what special species live in karst envirnoments? |
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Definition
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Term
underground mining for minerals left behind are susceptible to ________
for solution mines what activity is used to get table salt? |
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Definition
collapse
fresh water injection |
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Term
| what has lead to permasfrost melting______2________ |
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Definition
global warming
poor building practices |
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Term
planting trees and large shrubsclose to foundations may cause damage from soil shrinkage during ____________ as plant roots pull __________ from soil
what is considered the most signifigant cause of damage by swelling? |
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Definition
dry periods
moisture
excess water |
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Term
what is one way to restore sediment to areas.
is it possible to restore drained or collapsed soils?
does soil subsidence get alot of media attention
in areas of underlain by limestone, surface features such as __________ on the land surface should be noted. |
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Definition
breaching levees
no
no
cracking |
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Term
subsurface exploration with _____________ and drilling boreholes to examine subsurface geologey are desireable for construction.
this tech can be use to properly_________ foundations |
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Definition
ground penetrating tech
desighn |
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