Term
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Definition
| Pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of organism to spread throughout body |
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Term
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Definition
Ability to produce toxins
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis): Take a long time to die Clostridium tetani: Step on a rusty nail and get puncture wound (not the deadly part), Pumps out toxins which are the dangerous part
Streptococcus pyogenes: Can spread throughout body (very invasive, very toxic) |
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Term
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Definition
Increasing virulence
-Let organism go through hosts
-Plasmid transfer for resistant genes it doesn’t have (yet) (Conjugation)
-Mutations
-Lysogenic conversion: Toxin |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease virulence
-Grow on lab media (not in a host) b/c doesn’t have all the nutrients
TB – Vaccine in some countries is an attenuated live strain of TB |
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Term
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Definition
Quick onset, Disease only lasts a short time
-Cold, Flu, Strep throat, Hep A |
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Term
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Definition
Slow developing, Lasts longer
-Hep B, Hep C, TB, Leprosy |
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Term
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Definition
Spread through every tissue in the body
-Syphilis, Lyme disease |
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Term
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Definition
Confined to one area
-Tetanus (nail puncture)
-TB: Primary/pulmonary TB, Breathe it in so 1st infection is in lungs
-Boils: Staph |
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Term
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Definition
Infection once local, has spread throughout body
NOT -Tetanus: Infection is local, toxins in body, NOT spread [Remains local]
-TB: Secondary/extra pulmonary, People don’t take meds and it eats away at your lungs
-Boils: When you pop it, the infection can spread down into skin |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogenic organisms in your blood (general term) “He’s going septic!”
-Bacteremia: Pathogenic bacteria in blood
Staph,
-Viremia: Pathogenic virus in blood
HIV+: Virus is in blood, but not yet symptomatic of AIDs, Can spread infection |
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Term
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Definition
(Pyogenic cocci) Puss producing
Can cause white blood cells to phagocytize
Pyemia = Infection from pyogenic organism |
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Term
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Definition
Organism pumping toxins through your blood
Tetanus, Diptheria |
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Term
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Definition
Saprophyte, Lives off of dead material on a living host
Gangrenous limb
-Diabetics get it
Retained placenta – Infection from pieces of placenta left behind after birth |
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Term
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Definition
Spreading factor, move between cells, Substrate that breaks down hyaluronic acid
-Hyaluronic acid: Cement between cells, Help stick together
Clostridium perfringens: Cause gas gangrene, G+, Anaerobic, Spores, In intestines without problems, If it gets out through an ulcer or feces it can cause gangrene
Streptococcus pyogenes: Strep sore throat, Normal inhabitant of nasopharynx (nose), Usually kept in check
Can cause Necrotizing fasciitis, Hyaluronidase can go deep in tissue and destory |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks down collagen in connective tissue
-Collagen: One of most common proteins (tendons, bones, ligaments)
Anaerobes like to live in connective tissue b/c not a lot of blood and oxygen in the area, Hard to treat when blood isn’t there [Ex-Clostridium perfringens] |
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Term
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Definition
Can break down phospholipids, so destroys cell membranes including red blood cell membranes, Lyse cells when break membrane, Toxin b/c reduces number of red blood cells (Anemia)
Anoxia (Hypoxia): Fewer blood cells reduces amount of oxygen
-Lecithin: Phospholipid, R group=Choline
Clostridium perfringens: Anaerobic, so likes the environment created by lecitinase breaking RBCs
-Hemolysin |
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Term
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Definition
Destroys RBCs, Strep genus = Produced by streptococci and certain strep pyogenes
-Hemolysin |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce # of RBCs, Reduce amount of oxygen, LECITINASE AND STREPTOLYSINS |
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Term
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Definition
Destorys White Blood Cells [WBCs]
“Luco” = White blood cell (from leucocytes) “Cidin” = Kill
Common in Pyogenic cocci: Staphylococci, Streptococci have this enzyme
White blood cells do phagocytosis to destroy these organisms
-Stap and Strep, using this enzyme, destroy white blood cells = Create puss (“pyogenic”)
- Use WBC as taxi to get around body |
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Term
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Definition
Destroy fibrin
-Staphylokinase: Created by staphylococci
-Streptokinase: Created by streptococci
Fibrin = Important for clots
-Local infection (pimple, boil): In center is puss where staph is fighting with WBC
-Fibrin is trying to wall off the area (clot) around the center
-Kinases break down that clot and try to keep living/infecting the area (bad) |
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Term
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Definition
GRAM – organisms, Part of outer membrane containing LPS (lipopolysaccharides), Nonspecific
E. Coli: Intact cell does not release endotoxin, When dies it releases endotoxin
-Low concentration: Fever
-High concentration: Shock = Hypotension: Low Blood Pressure, Blood not flowing to organs so they die
Water: “Pyrogen free” = Causes fever [READING ASSIGNMENT]
-LPS from outer membrane cause fever
-Want this water to be sterile: Put in Autoclave at 121.5 C for 15 minutes = Sterile (but not safe)
-Endotoxin is not heat labile (still alive despite autoclaving)
So if inject that into patient you will get fever/shock depending on concentration |
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Term
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Definition
Compromised patient (diabetic) has G- infection, Antibiotic kills G- organisms which causes them to release endotoxin and sends patient into shock
Causes fever, hypotension, respiration, Organ failure due to low blood pressure
-Get rid of this endotoxin through filtration (b/c not heat labile) |
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Term
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Definition
| All G- release endotoxin and cause same symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Specific, Have varied effects on patients
Clostridium tetani: Tetanus, Produces tetanospasmin
-Tetanospasmin (toxin): Neurotoxin, Paralyzes nerves, Goes to diaphragm stopping breathing and cause death
Streptococcus pyogenes: Strep sore throat,
-Erythrogenic toxin: Super antigen: Causes body to produce a lot of antibodies, So many that you have an allergic reaction
=Scarlet Fever
Staphylococcus aureus: Enterotoxin
Escerichia coli: Enterotoxin
Enterotoxins = “Enteric” organism is in digestive, Cause vomiting and diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Objective, Quantitative (measured)
Fever – Measure on a thermometer and see if you have a fever or not
Swelling
Paralysis – How far you can move your joints, measure |
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Term
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Definition
Subjective, Qualitative (difficult to measure)
Malaise – Sick or ill
Pain – High tolerance vs low tolerance
Happy face scale :/
Line scale: Look at line |
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Term
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Definition
Group of signs and symptoms that defines a disease
Cold/Flu – See the signs for each
AIDs – Weren’t sure if they had HIV or AIDs because it took 8-9 years to show, Include more people in the diagnoses so more people were covered for the drugs |
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Term
| Feces: Water and food being contaminated with feces, Eat it and get disease |
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Definition
Salmonella
E. Coli
Typhoid
Hepatitis A (virus) – Got on onions via feces
Polio – Spread via feces so not clean if you get polio, “Dirty disease” |
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Term
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Definition
Typhoid fever: Trick epithelial cells to phagocytize and spread through tissues (Urinary tract)
STDs: Can you get them from urine?
Urethritis: Gonorrhea Can lead to pharyngitis (in the throat) |
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Term
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Definition
Spit/Saliva
Cold/Flu – CDC says have to train patients how to cough and sneeze safely (cover nose/mouth)
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Rabies – Spread by saliva, even without bite
HIV/AIDs – Cannot get from saliva, <1 virus / mL |
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Term
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Definition
MRSA – People usually have MRSA on them (lesions/boils), Can be spread via sport contact
Genital herpes – Can spread even if no lesions
Chicken Pox – Lesions hurt and spread infection
Syphilis – Many different lesions that may or may not spread disease
Gonorrhea – Pus dripping out of urethra, “The Drip” |
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Term
| Blood: Blood borne Pathogens |
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Definition
AIDs
Hepatitis B (lasts longer dry)
Hepatitis C
Malaria – Mosquito bite |
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Term
| Species Immunity / Species Barrier |
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Definition
Smallpox – Only effects humans
Cows can get cowpox but not smallpox
WHO vaccinated every single person to wipe it out, Kept some extra for safety
Typhoid
Salmonella typhi – Bacterial, Humans are only host, More dangerous, Fecal (oral-fecal route)
-Salmonella typhimurium – Food poisoning, Not as deadly, Many hosts to spread this
(Mammals, Reptiles, Birds, NOT amphibians)
Hand, Foot and Mouth – Human disease, Blisters on extremities in mouth
-Cows get Hoof & Mouth disease – Cow disease, Cows step in dung and get it, Can’t eat
Coxsackie virus – BOTH are Enteric (intestines- out through feces), Like chicken pox blisters
[DISEASES NOT BLOCKED BY SPECIES IMMUNITY]
Salmonella typhimurium – Food poisoning
TB – Can get from other animals (cows, birds)
Rabies – Can get from other animals |
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Term
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Definition
Tuberculosis – Common in American Indians, Not due to race but poor nutrition
Malaria – Black Africans with sickle cell anemia, Hemoglobin moon shaped and sticky, Can’t get malaria
Africa has high rates of Malaria, So high rate of mutations
-Evolution = Rates going up b/c good against Malaria
Duffy Factor: Absence of a gene that allows Malaria to infect them, (Or Absence of-)
CCR5 AIDs: Black death or Smallpox?
CCR5 Coreceptor – Allows disease to affect
Delta 32 Mutation = Faulty CCR5 coreceptor, Cannot get AIDs (HIV will not progress) [5% have]
Black Death (virus) may have caused mutation. Looking at Smallpox from 1300s (same time) b/c is bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of a gene that allows Malaria to infect them, (Or Absence of-) |
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Term
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Definition
| Faulty CCR5 coreceptor, Cannot get AIDs (HIV will not progress) [5% have] |
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Term
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Definition
Athlete’s Foot – Not everyone in family will have it
Multiple Sclerosis – Human Herpes Virus #6, Causes Roseola (baby rash), Overreaction leads to MS
Rheumatic Fever – Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes Scarlet Fever |
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Term
| Individual and General Health |
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Definition
| Age, Gender, Mental State, Living Conditions, Occupation, Fatigue, Nutrition |
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Term
| Age: Who is most at risk? |
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Definition
Very young – Not exposed to subclinical doses making you more susceptible, Immune system not fully developed
Serum protein = Compliment, Helps antibodies recognize things as foreign, Proteins attach to show foreign
Old – Damage body over lifetime (underlying disease), Decreased antibody production
Stronger dose of flu vaccine for over 65 patients |
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Term
| Gender: More likely to get some infections |
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Definition
UTI – Female, Shorter urethra (anatomical reason)
Gonorrhea – Female “Healthy carrier”, Spread disease without seeing symptoms
Syphilis – Female “Healthy carrier”, Spread disease without seeing symptoms
TB – Non-white male over 30, Non-white female over 60 (greater resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
Having a positive mental state may help fight infections
Endorphins |
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Term
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Definition
Middle to Upper Class – Expose less to some disease = More prone to diseases
Polio – Live vaccine exit through feces, Eat w/ unwashed hands causes disease not immune to |
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Term
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Definition
Rescue
Firefighters – Hepatitis C |
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Term
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Definition
Not enough rest, More likely to get infections
Cold sores
Genital Herpes
Mononucleosis – Infectious |
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Term
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Definition
| Many starving people, #1 cause of poor individual health |
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Term
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Definition
Granulocytes:-Neutrophils-Eosinophils-Basophils:
Agranulocytes-MonocytesDendritic cellsMacrophages-Lymphocytes:B lymphocytesT lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Large granules (specks) inside cell seen when do differential stain
“Polymorphonuclear leukocytes” = Many different shapes |
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Term
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Definition
(most common) of WBC count, On a slide will see mostly neutrophils
Phagocytic cell – Lysozyme for phagocytosis of bacteria, In granules/Part of pus |
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Term
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Definition
1-3%, Have lysozyme but not phagocytic cell going after bacteria
Go after antigen-Antibody Complexes: Phagocytize these, Important in allergic reactions
Produce toxins against “large” parasites – Eukaryotic = Helminthes (worm), Fungus (yeasts) |
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Term
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Definition
: <1%, Histamines and Heparin in granules, Motile, Increase when allergic reaction happens
Heparin = Anticoagulant, Prevents blood from clotting, Sometimes don’t want clot so WBC can go
Histamines: Vasodialator (increase diameter of blood vessels), Allow more blood to flow
[Mast Cells: Similar to Basophils, Have Histamines and Heparin, Found in tissues,
-Protect against smoking damage in lung cells, Nonmotile] |
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Term
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Definition
W/o granules
“Mononuclear leukocytes” = One basic shape, maybe a little change |
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Term
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Definition
3-8% WBC count, Two lines to dendritic and macrophage cells
Dendritic cells: Extensions (lobe-like), Antigen presenting cells, Found in tissues and skin
Needle prick - Dendritic cells will present issue to other WBC
Macrophages: Largest phagocytic cells
Wandering Macrophages: Found in blood, Leave if have immediate infection
Fixed Macrophages/Histeocytes: “histeo”= found in tissues, Leave permanently becoming RES
-Lymphomatic System: RES = Reticulo Endothelial System (MPS = Mononuclear phagocytic system) |
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Term
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Definition
20-30%
B lymphocytes: Humorel immunity = Blood, Responsible for making antibodies
T lymphocytes: Cell mediated immunity = Regulate antibody production, Regulate chemicals making more/less |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in # of neutrophils, Common in bacterial infections (Staph, Strep) |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in # lymphocytes, Common in viral infections (Mononucleosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in # eosinophils, Common in eukaryotic/large parasites and Allergic reactions |
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Term
| Leukopenia/Leukocytopenia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by Chloraphenicol, Sulfonamide, Radiation, Diseases – TB, Typhoid, Measles, Flu |
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Term
| -Lymphopenia/Limphocytopenia |
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Definition
HIV+ going to AIDs
500-1,000 limphocytes/µL = normal
200 / µL = Susceptable to AIDs |
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