Term
| Rodents belong to the Order ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the stomach and teeth of rodents: |
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Definition
-glandular and non-glandular stomach
-teeth divided into incisors and cheek teeth, separated by diastema
-hypsodontic incisors
-dental formula: I 1/1, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3
-malocclusion is common problem |
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Term
| Term for continually erupting/growing teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "cheek teeth" in a rodent? |
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Definition
| molars - they have no premolars |
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Term
| What separates a rodent's incisors from its cheek teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| How to Tx overgrown rodent teeth? |
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Definition
-can trim with clippers, but may break/crack tooth
-dremel |
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Term
| What is the hibernating gland in rodents? |
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Definition
-brown fat between shoulder blades
-warms blood
-thermoregulation, energy source |
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Term
| What does "red tears" refer to? |
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Definition
| The Hardarian gland in rodents secretes porphyrins to keep the eye and nictitating membrane moist; these can cause the appearance of red ocular discharge |
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Term
| What can cause "red tears"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Notes on rodent husbandry: |
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Definition
-solid flooring prevents foot trauma
-ammonia build-up contributes to resp. infections
-clean, dry, non-abrasive bedding
-environmental enrichment
-they're omnivores
-they perform coprophagy |
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Term
| Do humans have a Harderian gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What animals have a Harderian gland? |
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Definition
| snakes, and anything with a nictitating membrane |
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Term
| How change the bedding in a rodent enclosure? |
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Definition
-full change= ^ stress significantly
-scoop out soiled substrate daily, and do full change less often (weekly?) |
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Term
| Give some examples of bad substrates/bedding to use for a rodent cage, and why they are bad: |
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Definition
-cedar: liver problems
-aromatic shavings: respiratory infections
-rough material: abrasions |
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Term
| Notes on supplying a water bottle to rodents: |
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Definition
| -make sure they know how to use it before you leave them alone without any other water source |
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Term
| What is coprophagy? What is its purpose? |
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Definition
-eat one's poop
-for nutrients |
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Term
| What creature has the shortest gestation length of all lab animals? How short is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hamsters belong to the Family ____. |
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Definition
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Term
Scientific names and alternate names for:
Syrian hamster
Dwarf hamster
Chinese hamster |
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Definition
Syrian / Golden: Mesocricetus auratus
Dwarf / Djungarian: Phodopus songorus
Chinese (no alt name): Cricetus griseus |
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Term
| Which type of hamster is most commonly used for research? |
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Definition
| Syrian / Golden / Mesocricetus auratus |
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Term
| What is the most nocturnal of lab rodents? |
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Definition
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Term
| Notes on hamster behavior and temperament: |
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Definition
-most nocturnal of lab rodents
-will bite if startled
-aggressive compared to other rodents
-females dominate males
-may hibernate if temp < 50F
-fastidious
-prefer to burrow |
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Term
| How to properly scruff a hamster: |
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Definition
| grab as much skin as possible and scruff til it's smiling and it's eyes bug out |
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Term
| What sort of research is done on hamsters? Why? |
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Definition
-hypothermia and related physiological changes because they can hibernate if temp drops below 50F
-tumor research bc no lymph tissue in buccal cheek pouches, thus no immune response there
-general Dz stuff because they have rare spontaneous Dz, won't confound results |
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Term
| Special physical features of hamsters: |
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Definition
-tailless
-buccal cheek pouches to store food, hide babies
-flank organ = sebaceous gland = musky scent |
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Term
| What animal has a flank organ? What is it? |
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Definition
-hamsters
-sebaceous gland that produces a musky scent
-covered in bristly black hairs in male
-used for territorial marking |
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Term
| What is special about a hamster's buccal cheek pouches? |
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Definition
-no lymph tissue in pouches
-thus no immune response to pathogens there
-thus used in tumor research |
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Term
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Definition
-anogenital distance: male's holes are farther apart
-males have giant testicles when mature
males have more rounded posterior - anal sac |
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Term
| Describe the estrous cycle of the hamster: |
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Definition
-continuous polyestrous
-cycles every 4 days
-white vaginal discharge after ovulation |
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Term
|
Definition
-put male and female hamster near each other and monitor
-if okay after 5 min, can leave overnight to mate |
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Term
| Other names for "wet tail"? What is it? |
|
Definition
-proliferative ileitis
-transmissable ileal hyperplasia
-most common hamstet Dz
-high mortality
-bacterial infection w/Campylobacter (Gm- spirochete)
-CS: rough hair coat, diarrhea, rectal prolapse, lethargy |
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Term
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Definition
| Gm- spirochete responsible for "wet tail" in hamsters |
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Term
| Why is "wet tail" often fatal? |
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Definition
-normal flora is mostly Gm+
-Abx to kill Gm- Campylobacter kill off normal flora, too
-hamster develops Clostridium dificil
-especially bad when this happens in babies |
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Term
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Definition
-Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
-natural host = wild mouse
-1970s hamsters caused several hundred human cases
-zoonotic via bites, fecal/urine contact
-subclinical in hamsters, but in humans ranges from influenza symptoms to meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
-disease caused by Gm- spore-forming Bacillus pisiformes
-all lab animals globally are susceptible
-causes rough hair coat, lethargy |
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Term
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Definition
-hamster Dz, possibly genetic
-most common geriatric cause of death
-over 18mo, ~85% positive
-protein plaques on organs, once in kidneys you see CS
-just supportive care |
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Term
| Name the Dz's of hamsters: |
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Definition
-LCM (Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis)
-Tyzzer's
-Amyloidosis |
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Term
| Name the Dz that all lab animals globally are susceptible to: |
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Definition
Tyzzer's: Bacillus pisiformes
-rough hair coat, lethargy |
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Term
| Gerbils are in the Family ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name and alternate names for gerbils: |
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Definition
Meriones unguiculatus
-jird, sand rat, desert rat
-Mongolian most common |
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Term
| Notes on the behavior and temperament of gerbils: |
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Definition
-monogamous
-male helps care for offspring
-clean, docile, curious
-odorless
-cyclic activity
-great jumpers and burrowers
-thump feet when nervous |
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Term
| What sort of research is done on gerbils? Why? |
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Definition
| -endocrine research because they are odorless |
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Term
| What rodent is great at concentrating urine, and thus doesn't require a lot of water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the Dz's of gerbils: |
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Definition
-spontaneous epileptic-like seizures
-Tyzzer's
-Staph |
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Term
| Are gerbils prone to illness? |
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Definition
-no significant viruses
-resistant to most infectious diseases |
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Term
| How to prevent seizures in gerbils? |
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Definition
-stress-related
-handle a lot when young to reduce stress later |
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Term
| What rodent gets Staph infections? Describe this illness. |
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Definition
-gerbils, "nose abrasions"
-facial eczema / nasal dermatitis
-increased Harderian gland secretion complicated with Staph infection
-arises from cleanliness/husbandry problem |
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Term
| Notes on handling/restraint of gerbils: |
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Definition
-try to avoid handling tail
-degloving = "tail slip" |
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Term
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Definition
-anogenital distance
-male has darkly pigment scrotum |
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Term
| Hedgehogs are from where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Notes on hedgehog lifespan and behavior: |
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Definition
-10 years
-nocturnal but can adapt
-solitary
-active and can swim
-insectivore/omnivore
-"anting" behavior |
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Term
| What small mammal is quite active and thus requires a larger enclosure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would you feed a hedgehog? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is "anting" behavior? |
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Definition
-hedgehogs lick at foreign objects
-rub frothy saliva onto back
-possibly to deter insects?? |
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Term
| Describe what environmental conditions a hedgehog would need in its enclosure: |
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Definition
-ambient temp 72-85 (POTZ)
-cermic heater or under-tank heater
-DRY
-no bright lights |
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Term
| Name the medical conditions of hedgehogs: |
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Definition
-obesity
-hypothermia (torpor)
-pododermatitis
-mites and ringworm
-wobbly hedgehog syndrome |
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Term
| Why is torpor bad for hedgehogs (and other hibernate-capable creatures)? |
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Definition
| suppresses the immune system |
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Term
| Possibly the most common reason to see a hedgehog at the vet? |
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Definition
| -mites, treat with ivermectin and clean out whole enclosure |
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Term
| CS of mites in a hedgehog? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome? |
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Definition
-degenerative neurological Dz emerging in pet hedgehogs
-genetic? dietary? |
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Term
| Where are prairie dogs found? When and why were they banned as pets in the US? |
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Definition
-North America
-banned 2003-2008 because of monkey pox; arose when African rodents were quarantined with prairie dogs that later went to pet stores |
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Term
| What Dz's can prairie dogs transmit to people? What about non-zoonotic Dz's? |
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Definition
ZOONOTIC
-monkey pox (2003 ban)
-Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague)
-ringworm
NON-ZOONOTIC
-obesity, heart disease |
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Term
| Notes on prairie dog life span, behavior, temperament, restraint, etc: |
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Definition
-5-10 years
-live in colonies, elaborate burrows
-diurnal
-bark like a dog
-no scruff- can do cat wrap |
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Term
| What would one feed a pet prairie dog? |
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Definition
-rabbit pellets
-free-choice hay |
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Term
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Definition
-found in wild
-Gm- bacteria carried by fleas
-causes bubonic plague |
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Term
| Where do sugar gliders originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Notes on sugar glider behavior, life span, temperament, vocalizations: |
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Definition
-nocturnal, arboreal
-10-12 years
-marsupials
-social colonies; if alone will super bond to human otherwise do poorly
-playful, intelligent
-bark at night, sound like squeaky toy |
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Term
| Special physical features of sugar gliders: |
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Definition
-patagium: gliding membrane between limbs
-cloaca
-hair comb (rear digit 2/3 fused, opposable thumb
-scent glands |
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Term
| Describe the scent glands of sugar gliders: |
|
Definition
-gives chest an orange color
-males have one on their head which makes them go bald |
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Term
| How far can a sugar glider glide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sugar gliders would make a good pet except for one major problem: |
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Definition
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Term
| What do sugar gliders eat in the wild? |
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Definition
-sap, nectar, pollen, arachnids, etc
-extremely varied |
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Term
| Common medical condition(s) of sugar gliders and the resulting symptoms: |
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Definition
-malnutrition which leads to MBD, secondary hyperparathyroidism
-severe depression
-hind limb paralysis
-death |
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Term
| How to Tx MBD and related problems in sugar gliders? |
|
Definition
-cage rest
-supplemental calcium, vit D (calcium loop)
-diet modification |
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Term
| Notes on skunk behavior, temperament, life span: |
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Definition
-in captivity live up to 15ish
-nocturnal but adjust to diurnal
-diggers
-very playful, litter trainable
-some stay sweet after maturity, others don't; altering won't ensure good disposition |
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Term
| What medical conditions can pet skunks get? |
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Definition
| -hypocalcemia, secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism |
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Term
| What Dz's are skunks susceptible to? |
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Definition
-rabies
-distemper (K9 and Feline)
-Baylisascaris |
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Term
| What zoonotic Dz's can skunks transmit to humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sort of diet might one feed a pet skunk? |
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Definition
-varied diet
-weekly mouse
-HB egg, yogurt, fruit, insects, etc |
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Term
| What is the scientific name of the pet ferret? What does it mean? What are some other names for the ferret? |
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Definition
-Mustela putorius furo
-Mouse-Eating Smelly Thief
-polecat, foul martin |
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Term
| Ferrets belong to the Order _____, and the Family _____. |
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Definition
Order Carnivora
Family Mustelidae |
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Term
| Why are ferrets not legal to keep as pets in all states? |
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Definition
-potentially an invasive species
-could compete with indigenous N.A. black-footed ferret (Mustela nigriptes) |
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Term
| What is the scientific name of the ferret indigenous to the US? What is its common name? |
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Definition
-Mustela nigriptes
-N.A. black-footed ferret |
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Term
| What small mammal pet does not have any sweat glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aside from skunks, what small mammal pet is routinely descented? Does this remove all odor? |
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Definition
| ferrets- anal glands Sx removed, but oil glands remain and create musky odor |
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Term
| The N.A. black-footed ferret is the natural predator of... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sable (fitch) =
-albino
-cinnamon
-Shetland sable (more white on face) |
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Term
| Notes on ferret behavior, temperament, life span: |
|
Definition
-5-8 years (up to 12)
-sleep up to 75% day
-ferreting = can escape 1" hole
-"caching" behav = steal your stuff and hide it
-lots of funny noises
-don't bury poop, just back up into corner
-always eliminate upon waking
-"war dance" = alligator rolls
-sniff/sneeze is normal |
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Term
| How to increase ferret welfare? |
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Definition
| increase play, allow natural behaviors like caching |
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Term
| Describe an ideal ferret cage: |
|
Definition
-multi-level
-hide area
-litter box, esp triangular high-backed one |
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Term
| What medical conditions and Dz's are ferrets susceptible to? |
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Definition
-FB ingestion
-insulinoma, adrenal tumors
-many are same as cats and dogs
-mange, fleas, ear mites, heartworm
-coccidia = most common intestinal parasite
-zoonotic influenza
-distemper, rabies
-Aleutian Dz Virus (ADV) = parvo
-Epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE) = "green slime Dz" = corona virus |
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Term
| How to Tx/prevent HWT in ferrets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to vaccinate a ferret against distemper and rabies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ADV stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
-Aleutian Dz Virus (ferrets)
-parvo
-worry about in zoos, biomed, breeding; test annually |
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Term
| What is ECE? Alternate names? What is it? |
|
Definition
Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis
-"green slime" Dz
-corona virus
-occurs after intro to new enclosure
-100% morbidity, low mortality
-diarrhea, green mucus |
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Term
| What vaccine tends to cause rxns in ferrets? |
|
Definition
| Virbac K9 rabies vaccine; may just give once in ferret's lifetime |
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Term
| Terms for ferret sexes/ages? A group of ferrets? |
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Definition
M = Hob
F = Jill
F/S = Sprite
Juv = Kit
Group = Business |
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Term
| Why must one be careful when fasting a ferret? |
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Definition
| really fast transit time of 3-4 hours |
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Term
| What sort of food should one feed a pet ferret: |
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Definition
-high quality proteins, they're true carnivores
-US: ferret diet, kitten food; Euro: prey |
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Term
| How does diet affect ferret health and life span? |
|
Definition
| cancer not seen as much in Europe where they still feed live prey, tend to keep outside |
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Term
| How might life span be affected in the ferret? |
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Definition
| photoperiod? diet? genetics? |
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Term
| #1 and #2 most common conditions in the ferret? |
|
Definition
#1: Insulinoma
#2: Adrenal Tumor |
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Term
| Notes on insulinoma in ferrets: |
|
Definition
-hypoglycemia, depression, lethargy, seizures, death
-tend to be ~4yo
Tx: pred, Sx |
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Term
| Notes on adrenal tumors in ferrets: |
|
Definition
-benign or malignant
-more in females, ~4yo
-80% more common in L adrenal
-any sort of sexual signs, incl. male aggression
-hair loss, vulvar enlaregment in F/S, muscle wasting
-Tx: oral melatonin as preventative, Lupron implant, Deslorelin implant |
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Term
| Normally, melatonin does what? What happens in a ferret with adrenal tumor? |
|
Definition
-normally tells pituitary gland to not overproduce LH
-w/adrenal tumor, ferret lacks melatonin, so LH increases |
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|
Term
| Which Tx for adrenal tumor in ferrets lasts 12 mo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Tx for adrenal tumor in ferrets is very expensive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aside from #1 and #2, whate are some other Dz's ferrets are prone to? |
|
Definition
-mast cell tumors
-lymphoma of multiple organs
-myofaciitis (emerging) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-emerging Dz in ferrets
-muscle inflammation, fever, V/D
-young
-progressive & usu. fatal
-undulating fevers
-poss. genetic? |
|
|
Term
| Restraint/phlebotomy of ferrets: |
|
Definition
-jugular
-anterior vena cava (seldom)
-lateral saphenous
-cephalic
-saph/ceph are tiny but can be cath'd |
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