Term
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Definition
| Stuctural inequality that defines social groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Ontological, opportunity, condition, outcome |
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Term
| What is ontological standard of equality? |
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Definition
| Earthly inequality irrelevant (material goods) and generally rooted in religious belief and afterlife |
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Term
| What is opportunity standard of inequality |
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Definition
| Belief in equal treatment |
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Term
| What is condition standard of inequality? |
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Definition
| Same starting point for equality, it matters if you're born into millions or born into poor family |
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Term
| What is outcome standard of inequality? |
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Definition
| Equal rewards, associated with Karl Marx |
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Term
| What did jean-Jacques Rousseau say? |
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Definition
| That humans are naturally good and there's some natural inequality. Society corrupts people and takes away natural freedom. Leads to competition, isolation, aggression, and hierarchies |
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Term
| What did Adam Ferguson and John Miller say? |
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Definition
| Inequality is good, result of efficiency, that the possibility of surplus is incentive and hard work give s a better society |
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Term
| Why did Malthus say stratification is necessary? |
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Definition
| Keeps population at a sustainable level because overpopulation= human misery |
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Term
| What is the estate system? |
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Definition
| Laws separate individuals, power is distributed unequally, little social mobility. Top of triangle has most power |
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Term
| What is an example of the estate system? |
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Definition
| Popes leading down to peasants and surfs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on ascribed status and reproduced through hereditary. Castes are closed=no social mobility |
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Term
| What is the class system? |
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Definition
| Economically based system where status is achieved by merit, opportunities for social mobility |
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Term
| What is absolute poverty? |
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Definition
| Unable to sustain oneself with food, shelter, clothing, etc |
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Term
| What is relative poverty? |
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Definition
| Measure of poverty relative to the standards of a given society |
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Term
| What gender is the most impoverished? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Social Security Act do? |
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Definition
| Helped the old aged, impoverished, unemployed, widows, and fatherless children |
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Term
| What is the personal responsibility and work opportunity act? |
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Definition
| Welfare to unemployed that gives employment, training, education, community services |
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Term
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Definition
| Said that the impoverished adopt a unique culture that transcends to the net generation and they become dependent |
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Term
| Middle Class and Working Class trends |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A social construct that defines people and is usually convenient for the dominant group |
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Term
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Definition
| Group membership based on cultural heritage usually voluntary and not based on power |
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Term
| What is the one-drop rule? |
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Definition
| That any trace of sub-Sharan ancestry makes a person non white. AKA you don't have to be black to be considered black by our standards, if you have even one drop of black then you are defined that way |
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Term
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Definition
Minorities are distinct, but have social parity and each group maintains distinct way of life
A+B=C=A+B+C |
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Term
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Definition
Minorities slowly adopt patterns of dominant group
A+B+C=A |
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Term
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Definition
Groups come together and form new, unique culture and old cultures are abandoned
A+B+C=D |
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Term
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Definition
Physical & social separation of group
A not equal to B |
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Term
| What are the trends in residential and educational segregation? |
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Definition
Whites belong with themselves
80% of Latinos and 74% of Blacks attend schools where majority is non-white and worse in the South |
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Term
| What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination |
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Definition
| Prejudice is the attitude of pre-judgement and Discrimination is differential treatment or harmful action |
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Term
| What is scientific racism? |
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Definition
| Thories of face, sought to try to make sense of people who were different from white Europeans |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that some people are better fit for survival than others based on their race and therefore nature to dominate inferior races |
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Term
| What is institutional discrimination? |
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Definition
| Macro-level discrimination built into social institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| Black and whites went into interview dressed the same and same qualifications and whites got jobs more often |
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Term
| Police Officer's Dilemma findings |
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Definition
| That people are more likely to shoot at a black person than white |
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Term
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Definition
| Socially-meaningful distinctions that are malleable and define relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological distinctions that are more or less fixed |
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Term
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Definition
| That gender differences are innate and the social world is result of natural world |
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Term
| What did Margaret Mead find? |
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Definition
| That in 3 tribes in New Guinea one tribe had equal man and woman status, one had males and females vying for power violently, and the other had women dominant |
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Term
| What were Mead's critisms? |
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Definition
| That she didn't understand the culture, breadwinning doesn't equate to power, and that they could've been playing tricks on her |
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Term
| How does family play a role in gender socialization? |
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Definition
| Describe boys and girls in different ways, reactions to misbehaving, time with parents, chores,clothing, toys |
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Term
| How does media affect gender socialization? |
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Definition
| In children's books the main character is usually male |
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Term
| How does the educational system affect gender socialization? |
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Definition
| It has males in textbooks, females as tokens; girls can't speak up in class; boys play sports |
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Term
| How does religion affect gender socialization? |
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Definition
| God is male, Adam and Eve |
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Term
| Functionalist view on gendered society? |
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Definition
| That 'normal' gender roles are good, male working, female homemaker |
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Term
| What is the Conflict view of gendered society? |
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Definition
| Power defines gender roles, force is used to maintain patriarchy,subordination of women benefit men |
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Term
| Trends in higher education |
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Definition
| Women have higher enrollment and graduation rates than men with higher GPA's |
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Term
| What is the gender wage gap? |
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Definition
| That men have more positions of power and earn more money |
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Term
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Definition
| That women who do enter more prestigious corporate worlds have barriers from reaching the very top, and invisible limit on women's climb up occupational latter |
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Term
| What is the glass escalator? |
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Definition
| When men enter feminine-dominated jobs they quickly rise to leadership positions |
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Term
| What is sexual orientation |
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Definition
| The emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to others |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexuality is a master status because homosexuals are not new but the label is |
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Term
| What is the difference between homosexuality acts vs identity? |
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Definition
| Homosexual acts are how you behave and choose to show it, idenitity is not a choice |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| That homosexuality is present in nature and that through 11,000 volunteers and prison inmates that many people have had homosexual tendencies and not many were 100% gay or straight |
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Term
| What were criticisms of Kinsey? |
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Definition
| That his sample was idiotic |
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Term
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Definition
| A legally recognized partnership with most of the rights of marriage without a title |
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Term
| What is heteronormaility? |
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Definition
| The standards of sexual orientation that society holds |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage from within your own social group |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage open to any social group |
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Term
| How has family structure changed pre and post industrialization? |
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Definition
Pre it was extended family units with mini-economies and children were 'little adults'
Post was more of a public and private split with gendered division of labor |
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Term
| What is the second shift? |
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Definition
| Women doing the housework after their day of working |
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Term
| What are trends in divorce and ways to avoid it? |
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Definition
| Not evenly distributed so environment likely plays a role, higher education and age improve changes and cohabitation |
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