Rats in lab for 12 hours of light, then 12 of dark. Circadian rhythm of drinking and moving in dark time. Compared to group with SCN damage. Damage eliminated normal patterns

6 months in underground cave. Rhythms became free running. Sleep-wake went to 25 hours - desynchronised from body temp. rhythm. 

Squirrels in lab for over a year. Constant temp. and light. Still hibernated and body temp dropped.

Permenant shifts allow the body clock to synchronise with external zeitgebers

Decision failure of 1:30 - 4:30 am shift workers

Jet lag worse - West-East

Reduce jet lag: sleep well before, change to destination time, avoid caffeine and alcohol, go out in morning daylight

Dreams in REM - more vivid

Meta-analysis of 65 sleeping pattern studies

Total sleep time - decreases 100hrs between 5 and 70

Sleep keeps prey safe when normal activities are impossible

Prey sleep less as it's dangerous

Animals sleep to conserve energy over winter when hunting and foraging are impossible

BMR positively correltes with more sleep - small animals sleep more (high BMR)

Brain trauma - more REM

Skin cells grow quicker during sleep

REM = brain

NREM = body

Runners sleep longer and have more NREM after a marathon

Exercise makes you sleep faster, not longer

Deep NREM and REM = core sleep

Light NREM = optional sleep

Stayed up 8 days for charity

Paranoia, hallucinations and abusive

Randy Gardner

(Dement)

Stayed awake 11 days. 

Blurred vision, paranoia and disorganised speech

Rats died after 33 days of TSD

Flowerpot technique on cats - no REM

Died after 35 days

9 women (5 insomniacs, 4 normal) slept in lab for 3 nights

Insomniacs had less blood flow to some parts of the cerebral cortex

CBT is an effective primary insomnia treatment

40% of secondary insomniacs have another psychological disorder

Insomniacs groups of 10

Matched with normal sleepers

Chronic insomnia - hyperarousal

700+ given questionnaires about sleep

Kept sleep diary

Mentioned supplements - poorer sleep patterns

Mutation on HLA and T Cell Receptor genes identified for narcolepsy

4 preserved narcoleptic brains

93% less hypocretin

Sleepwalking 45% one parent

60% two parents

Deprived of sleep for 25 hours - more likely to sleep walk