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| refutation and cross-examination. Systematically examines their beliefs and disproves them. Break down their beliefs in order to build up again. |
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| confusion, curiosity. Result of elenchus. People are left in confusion and admit their ignorance |
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| democratic. No discrimination as to whom he will converse with. No fee for questions. We are all philosophers. (key difference between Socrates and Plato) |
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| being a midwife for knowledge. Assists in the birth of knowledge but has no hand in the creation; he is one who draws knowledge |
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| moral education and improvement (according to Socrates) |
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| ad hominem—toward a person. Not for people in general—for you. The process is intended to improve how each person lives. If you cannot express your beliefs, you must change. Self-reflection so that you can test your life for confusion. |
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| no passive recipients of knowledge. Common inquiry. Think for yourself |
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| 7 General Characteristics of Socratic Method (contrast to sophistry) |
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| activity of philosophy, intensive questioning, elenchus, aporia, moral education and improvement, egalitarian attitude, midwifery |
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# involving rhetoric, oratory, persuasion, now associated with cunning and lying
a relativistic way of viewing the truth--”making the weaker argument stronger”
the sophistic movement sought to market these rhetoric skills (and their usually false arguments) for money |
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| seeking out the truth, pursuing wisdom |
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| first five books of Moses |
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| creation, beginning, origin, formation |
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# the state of being the firstborn child (in Bible terms, firstborn son)
right of primogeniture—the right of the firstborn |
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| indigenous rather than descendants from migrants or colonists |
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| theory that deals with the origin of the universe |
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| covenant (multiple covenants in Genesis) |
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1st with Noah after the flood—the rainbow. God says he will never again destroy the world with a flood. Tell them to populate the earth
2nd with Abram—Abram to Abraham, Sarai to Sarah. Circumcision is the sign of the covenant. Restates the covenant with Isaac—your nation will be as populous as the stars. Promises them the promised land.
3rd with Jacob—in Jacob's dream. Promise of land, of populous nation, etc |
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| thing with which you unlock the meaning of the story (by use of an image or a metaphor, etc) |
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cunning intelligence, ascribed only to Odysseus and Athena
Also, Metis was the name of Athena's mother |
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Homecoming, theme of the whole book
Associated with nostalgia
Also associated with noos—consciousness, “mind,” “coming to”
So the Odyssey is a story of how to use your mind; if you use it, you can achieve nostos, become whole |
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| hospitality toward guests as well as from guests to host |
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| living together with one heart and mind (aka Penelope and Odyssey); same soul idea |
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| gadfly (what Socrates refers to himself as) |
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| his sign, an inner spirit/god-type entity that communicates the gods' wills to him |
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things existing in some world other than ours of which all things in this world are images and reflections (the true versions of what we call “reality;” they are the real reality). Bad things are skewed versions of those Forms.
At one time we resided with the forms; that's why we have recollection and vague recognition of things in this world |
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intermediate stage between knowledge and lack of knowledge; we think we know something without understanding why; you cannot rationalize your belief
this is NOT ok; you have to be able to give reasons for your belief (= knowledge)
from this stems his assertion that everything is rationalize-able—nothing is a principle, everything has to be supported by reason |
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| irony--3 kinds (Symposium) |
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the phenomenon of a gap:
1.say one thing, mean the opposite
2.say one thing, not even know what it means—banter—could even mean nothing at all
3. hiding behind a character (socrates-diotima, plato-socrates) |
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| knowing the good but not doing it |
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| being the best you can be; performing human virtue excellently, i.e. performing the function of a human being to your utmost ability (function of a person depends on whom you ask) |
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| poem with rhyming that expresses personal feelings. Can be (and usually was) set to music; associated with the aristocracy at that time |
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| says that something has a property because the property exists universally. This is like Plato |
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| says that something has a property because we call it that property |
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commonly translated as happiness, but it's not the happiness of the pleasures; the achievement of true of lasting happiness is the goal of life; it is characterized by things that are intrinsically good for you
you reach it by having successfully fulfilled your proper function (arete)
you don't know what's always good for you |
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| virtues of a city (Republic) |
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| wisdom (ruler), justice, temperance (crafstmen), courage (guardians) |
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In order to see something and in order for something to be seen, we need the light of the sun
Similarly, in order for us to understand/perceive something and in order for something to be understood/perceived, we need illumination of the form of the good |
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a line divided into two unequal sections; these sections are each divided in the same ratio
sensible things: images and originals are explained by mathematics—gives explanation but not reasons
what explains the math is what is most real (form of the good)
math is in between what most real and what is sensible |
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| Allegory of the Cave (Republic) |
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illustrates the effect of education on the soul
people shackled in a cave
they see images on the wall of the cave (there's a fire behind them providing light) and think that is reality
one guy is unshackled, is dragged out of the cave, is temporarily blinded, and sees real things. He sees the sun. Realizes that the sun is what gives light to everything.
He has to go back in and be the philosopher king even though he really doesn't want to—he has to teach
shadows are the images; puppets are the next part up on the line; outside the cave is the other two parts of the line |
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| self sufficiency (Aristotle) |
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| something is self-sufficient if it is good in itself and we pursue it for itself, not for some other end; the polis is self-sufficient because it provides for all the needs of its civilized inhabitants |
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intelligence, “practical” wisdom
not just for yourself, but for you household, your community, etc—you are dependent on other people for your welfare |
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| correct reason (Aristotle) |
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| reason that expresses intelligence |
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right actions for right reasons no matter what happens to you
room for misfortune—being a good person increases your chances for a happy life, not necessarily makes it happen |
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| humans are political animals—we seek company, use language as a means toward the end of the polis, etc |
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