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Skull,Head, Neck
bones & muscles
48
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/04/2009

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Term
Fontanels
Definition
unossified remnants of the membranes in newborns
Term
Major Fontanels
Definition
anterior (ossified w/i 18-36 mo), posterior, mastoid and sphenoid which are ossified w/i 6 months or so
Term
Epicranius Function
Definition
produces wrinkles in forehead and gives faccial expression of Astonishment
nn: all mimetic muscles by facial nerve (cranial nerve CNVII)
Term
orbicularis ocull muscle
Definition
produces folds in lateral ange of the eye
nn: facial n.
Term
corrugator supercllll
Definition
pulls the skin and eyebrow down and medially. produces vertical folds; protects against light; thinkers brow expression
nn: facial n.
Term
orbicularis oris m
Definition
its contraction closes the mouth; strong contraction gives sucking shape
Term
buccinator m
Definition
enables air to be blown outof th emouth; pulls angle of the mouth laterally; keeps the mucous membrane of the cheek free of folds
Term
zygomaticus major
Definition
lifts the corner of the mouth upward
Term
risodorius
Definition
laughing muscle; together wiht zygomatic major it produces the nasolabial folds
Term
Muscles of Mastication
1. masseter 2. temporalis 3. lateral 4. medial pterygold
Definition
all nn by mandibular n
develop from 1st brachial artery
Term
cranial nerve had 3 branches
Definition
opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
Term
masseter m
Definition
powerfully closes the jaw by elevating the mandible
nn: masseteric N
Term
temporalis m
Definition
strongest elevator of lower jaw
nn: deep temporal n <--- mandibular n.
Term
lateral pterygold m
Definition
mandibular movements (guiding muscle)
nn: lateral pterygoid n <----mandibular N
Term
medial pterygold m
Definition
runs at right angles to the lateral pterygoid m
elevates mandible and pushes it forward; rotational mvmt
nn: medial pterygoid n <-----mandibular n
Term
the blood supply of the face is by:
Definition
mostly by: ext. carotid//partially by: int. carotid
Term
forehead is supplied by
Definition
supratrochlear a. and supraorbital a ; both from opthalmic a
Term
facial vein anastomoses via
Definition
angular vein (with dorsal nasal vain)
is extremely important since this allows a direct connection to cavernous sinus, through which infections e.g. from a furnucle on the lip, may get into skull
Term
sensory innervation to the face:
Definition
trigeminal nerve; maxillary n; mandibular n; sensitivy of the 3 branches of trig. n. can be tested by pressing nerves
Term
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
Definition
a disorder of unknown cause associated wiht intractible pain along the 3 branches of trigeminal nerve but especially along maxillary and mandibular nerve; a simple trigger s/a touch, cold or hot can start the pain
therapy: carbamazepine, radio frequency destruction of the branches involved
alcohol or glycerin injection around the trigeminal ganglion
transection of the sensory root
vascular decompression of the trigeminal ganglion
Term
hyoid bone
Definition
in the nect, but may be included with the bony skeleton of the skull
parts: body (anterior), greater horns(laterally), lesser horns (upwards)
Term
muscles of the neck: platysma
Definition
the only cutaneous muscle in the human body (under the skin)
brings down the corners of the mouth; nn. facial nerve
injury of this nerve leads to paralysis of platysma (skin falls away from the neck by folds)
careful sutures of the skin should be made in surgery of the neck region
Term
trapezius m
Definition
elevation, retraction and rotation of scapula
nn: spinal root of accessory nerve
Term
sternocleidomastoid
Definition
unilateral contraction turns the head to side and bends it ipsilaterally
lifts the head
also functions in respiration
nn: accessory n.
Term
accessory nerve examination
Definition
sternomastoid: turn head agains resistance; compare power and muscle bulk on each side; compare each side with patient pulling head forward against resistance
trapezius: shrug shoulders and hold in position against resistance
Term
Congenital Torticollis
Definition
head turns to the side and facea way from affected side
leads to stifness of neck due to fibrosis and shortening of the sternocleidomastoid
injury during delivery may also result in this
therapy: division of muscle below XI nerve or from tis distal attachment
Term
Spasmodic Torticollis (wry neck)
Definition
20-60 yrs of age; may involve bilateral neck muscles esp the sternocleidomastoid m
unilateral deviation of the head (turning, tilting, flexion or extension of the neck)
may involve other muscles in the body
therapy: myotomy or also section of the spinal accessory n and upper cervicalant. roots
Term
Infrahyoid Muscles
Definition
all infrathyroid muscles work together to approximate thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone. When mouth is open, they stabilize laryngeal cartilages and the hyoid bone.
Term
sternohyoid
Definition
Term
omohyoid m
Definition
inf & sup belly
nn: most infrahyoid musc are nn by cervical ansa
Term
sternohyoid m, omohyoid m, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
Definition
nn body C1 before giving the branch to cervical area
Term
suprahyoid muscles
Definition
digastric m, stylohyoid m myelohyoid m, geniohyoid m
Term
digastric
Definition
raising hyoid and stabilizing it in speaking and swallowing depressing the mandible
nn ant belly: trigeminal n
nn post belly: facial nerve
Term
stylohyoid m
Definition
elevates and retracts hyoid bone; elongates floor of the mouth
nn: facial N
Term
myelohyoid m
Definition
elevates hyoid and floor of the mouth and tongue in swallowing and speaking
nn: myelohyoid n from inf alveolar n.
Term
geniohyoid m
Definition
pulls the hyoid anterosuperiorly; shortens floor of the mouth and widens pharynx
nn: C1 via hypoglossal n
Term
Atlas: submandibular region
Definition
look at the relation between Hyoglossus and Myelohyoid M, the Lingual n, Submandibular gland, duct and ganglion and thy hyopglossal n
Term
rectus capitis
Definition
helps to flex the head
nn: cervical plex
Term
longus capitis
Definition
bend the head forward and unilateral action turns the head sideways
nn: cervical plexus
Term
longus colli
Definition
unilateral contraction bends and turns cervical column to the side; also bend the cervical spine forwards
nn: cervical and brachial pl
Term
Scalene M
(scalene anterior, scalene medius, scalene posterior)
Definition
most important muscles for quiet inspiration; they lift the first 2 pairs of ribs (sup part of thorax) unilateral contraction tilts cervical column to one side
Term
occipital triangle floor
Definition
splenius capitis, levator scapulae, post. scalene and middle scalene
content: cervical plexus
acc nerve comes from behind the sternocleidomastoid m.
Term
scalene gap
Definition
formed between scalene anterior and middle and 1st rib in shich run the brachial plexus and subclavian artery
Term
carotid triangle
Definition
borders: sup: post. belly of digastric
med: sup. belly of omohyoid lat: sternocleidomastoid
content:
external jugular vein and superficial cervical fascia
internal jugular vein and common facial vein
common carotid a.
carotid sinus
internal/external carotid a.
vagus nerve
descending branch of xii (upper root of cervical ansa runs above the carotid sheath)
hypoglossal N.
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
body's largest endocrine gland
produces thyroxin which controls the rate of metabolism of the body and calcitonin controlling Ca++ metabolism
blood supply: sup and inf thyroidal artery
Term
goiter
Definition
enlargement of thyroid gland; usually not upward shift; endemic in areas deficient in iodine in food; swelling in the neck which may disturb trachea, esophagus and or laryngeal nerves
exophthalmic goiter is due to excessive production of thyroxin
Term
thyroidectomy
Definition
removal of thyroid due to cancer
subtotat due to preservation of parathyroid glands adn recurrent as well as superior laryngeal nerves inadvertent removal of parathyroid glands lead to tetany, severe convulsion and muscle spasm due to decrease in serum ca++ and may lead to immediate respitory failure
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
usually 4, one upper and one lower gland per each thyroid tube; they are external to thyroid capsule and internal to the connective tissue sheath
f: production of parahormon; controlling the metabolism of P and Ca++
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