Frontal Bone

Forms the anterior portion of the skull avobe the eyes.  Articulates with parietal bone,and sphenoid bone.  Blood vessels and nerves pass to the tissues of the forehead.

Axial portion

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Sphenoid Bone

It is wedged between several other bonesin anterior portion of the skull.  Helps form the base of the cranuim, the sides of hte skull, and the floors and sides of the orbits.

Axial portion

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Foramen Magnum

Through the large body of the occipital bone is a large oprning on its lower surface.  Passes nerve fibers from the brain, which enter the vertebral canal to becomme part of the spinal cord.

Axial portion

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Parietal Bone

One is located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone.  Together they form the bulging sides and roof of the cranuim.  They are fused at the midline and they meet the frontal bone.

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Vomer Bone

Thin flat bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity.  In the back it joins the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and together they form the nasal septum

Axial portion

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Mastoid process

This is locted below each external auditory meautus. Provides an attachment for certain muscles of the neck

Axial portion

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Occipital bone

Joins the parietal bones slong the lambdoidal suture.  Forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranuim.

Axial portion

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Maxilla bone

 Also called jawbone.  Comprise the the anterior roof of the mouth, the floor of the orbits, and the sides and floor of the nasal cavity.  Fuse along the midline to form the anterior section of the hard palate.

Axial portion

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Temporal bone

Each side of the skull joins the parietal bone along the squamosal suture.  Forms the sides and the base of the cranium.

Axial portion

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Mandible bone

Horizontal, horseshoe-shaped body with flat portion projection upward at each end.  Divided in two processes.  Mandibular condyles articulate with mandibular fossae of temporal bones.  The coronoid processes provide attachments for muscles used in chewing.

Axial portion

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Zygomatic bone

Also called cheekbone.  Forms prominences of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.  Helps form the lateral walls and the floor of the orbits.

Axial portion

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Nasal bone

Long, thin and nearly rectangular.  Lie side by side and are fused at the midline, where they form the bridge of the nose.

Axial portion

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Malleus (hammer)

Small bone of middle ear that connects to the incus and attachedo to inner surface of eardrum. 

Axial portion

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Incus (anvil)

It is the middle bone of the three ossicles in the ear.  It connects to the malleus and stapes. 

Axial portion

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Stapes (stirrup)

It is one of the ossicles in the ear.  It is attached to the incus and the fenestra ovalis (oval window). Smallest and lightest bone in the human body. 

Axial portion

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Hyoid bone

Horseshoe shaped bone that sits in the anterior midline of hte neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.

Axial portion

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Cervical vertebrae

Make the bony axis of the neck.  The first bone is atlas and the last bone connects to the thoracic bone. 

Axial portion

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Thoraic vertebrae

Larger than cervical vertebrae.  Articulate with the ribs.  Each vertebra has a long, pointed spinous process.

Axial portion

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Lumbar vertebrae

These vertebrae are adpated with larger and stronger bodies to support more weight thant the vertebrae above them.  Articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and sacrum.

Axial portion

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Atlas

Supports the head.  On its superior surface are two kidney-shaped facets that articulate with the occipital condyles.

Axial portion

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Axis

Bears a toothlike dens on its body.  Process projects upward and lies in the ring of the atlas.  As head is turned from side to side, the atlas pivots around the dens.

Axial portion

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Vertebral foramen

Holes in each vertebrae through with the spinal cord passes.

Axial portion

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Transverse process

Protrusion extending from either side of a vertebral body.  Each vertebra has one on each side.  Attach to spinal muscles.

Axial portion

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Body of vertebral column

Largest part of the vertebrae.  Flattened and rough.

Axial portion

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Spinous process

directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments.  Attach to various muscles.

Axial portion

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Transverse foramen

Passageways for arteries leading to the brain.  Opening in transverse process of cervical vertebrae.

Axial portion

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Sacrum

Triangular structure which forms the base of the vertebral column.  It is at the base of the spine and upper and back part of pelvic cavity.  Upper part connects to last lumbar vertebrae and the bottom part connects to the coccyx.

Axial portion

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Coccyx

Also called tailbone.  Lowest part of the vertebral column composed of four fused vertebrae .  Ligaments attach it to the margins of the sacral hiatus. 

Axial portion

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Ribs (24)

One pair attached to each of the twelve thoracic vertebrae. There are false ones and true ones. 

Axial portion

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Sternum

Also called breastbone.Located along the midline in anterior portion of the thoracic cage.  Flat, elongated bone developed in three parts.  Attaches to the clavicles by facets on its superior border.

Axial portion

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Body of Sternum

Langthier, narrower, and thinner than manubrium.

Axial portion

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Manubrium

Upper part of the sternum.  It attaches to the clavicle and first two ribs.

Axial portion

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Xiphoid process

Lowest part of the sternum.  Attached to the body of the sternum.

Axial portion

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Costal cartilage

Bars of hyaline cartilage which prolongs the ribs.  Connect sternum and ends of ribs.

Axial portion

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True ribs (7)

Connect to vertebral column and to the sternum. 

Axial portion

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False ribs (3)

Cartilage does not reach the sternum directly.  Their cartilage join the cartilage of the 7th rb.

Axial portion

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Floating ribs

No cartilage attachment to sternum.  Only attached to vertebrae. 

Axial portion

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Scapula

Also called shoulder blades.  Located on either side of the upper back. Conencts humetus with clavicle.

Appendicular portion

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Glenoid cavity

Between the acromion process and the coracoid process is this cavity.  Articulates with arm bone.

Appendicular portion

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Clavicle

Also called collarbones.  They are slender, rodlike bones wirh elongated S-shapes.  At the base of the neck..  Run horizontaly between the manuubrium and scapulae.  Provide attachment for muscles of upper limbs, chest and back.

Appendicular portion

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Humerus

Heavy bone that extends from scapula to elbow.  Tubercles of this bone provide attachment that move the upper limb at the shoulder.  Also called arm bone.

Appendicular portion

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Radius

Located on thumbside of arm.  Extendesd from elbow to wrist.

Appendicular portion

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Ulna

Longer than radius and overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly.  Atriculates with the humerus.  Provides attachment for muscle as well. 

Appendicular portion

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Carpals

Eight small bones that are firmly bound in two rows of four bones each.  Articulates with radius and with the fibrocartilaginous disk of the ulnar side.  Its distal surface articulates with metacarpal bones.

Appendicular portion

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Metacarpals

One in line with each finger , form the framework of the palm.  Articulate with carpals and with phalanges.

Appendicuar portion

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Phalanges

Finger bones.  each finger has 3 of these.  A proximal, middle and distal, except the thumb whichs has only two.  Articulates with metacarpals. 

Appendicular portion

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Coxal bone

Developes from three parts-ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Also called hip bone.  It's large and flattened. 

Appendicular portion

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Ilium

Largest and uppermost portion of hipbone.  Flares outward which forms the prominence of the hip.

Appendicular portion

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Ischium

Forms lowest portion of the coxal bone.  It is L-shaped. It is also the strogest portion of the bone.

Appendicular portion

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Pubis

Anterior portion of the coxal bone.  Two pubic bones join at the midline.  More flexible in females.

Appendicular portion

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Acetabulum

Ahere the ilium, ischium and pubis fuse.  This depression on the lateral surface of the hipbone receives the rounded head of the femur.

Appendicular portion

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Obturator foramen

Between the bodies of the pubis is this foramen which is the largest in the skeleton. 

Appendicular portion

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Femur

Also called thighbone.  Longest bone in the body.  Extends from hip to knee.

Appendicular portion

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Tibia

Also called shinbone.  Largest of the two leg bones.  Articulates with the condyles of the femur.

Appendicular portion

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Fibula

Long, slender bone located on lateral side of the tibia.  Articulates with tibia just below the lateral condyle.  Does not bare any body weight.

Appendicular portion

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Patella

Also called kneecap.  Articulates with femur.  Located in a tendon.

Appendicular portion.

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Tarsals

Ankle composed of seven bones.  Forms the tarsus which attach to tibia and fibula.

Appendicular portion

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Calcaneus

Largest of ankle bones.  Also called heel bone.  Located below talus. Provides attachment for muscles that move the foot.

Appendicualr portion

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Metatarsals

Instep consists of five bones.  They are elongated which articulate with the tarsus.

Appendicular portion

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Phalanges

Similar to those of the fingers.  They align and articulate with the metatarsals. 

Appendicular portion

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