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Details Title: SJS MIDTERM LARY Description: science midterm Total Flash Cards: 120 Created: 12/15/2005 16:34:25	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term 4 main components of atmosphere. Definition Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide Term Lowest layer in atmosphere Definition Troposphere- 0-12 km Temperature decreases w/ altitude 80% of total mass of atmosphere Contains all of Earth's weather Term 2nd atmospheric layer Definition Stratosphere- 17-45 km Temperature increases w/ altitude Contains Ozone Layer Term 3rd layer in atmosphere Definition Mesosphere- 50-83 km Temperature decreases w/ altitude Term Highest atmospheric layer Definition Thermosphere- 85-2400 Temperature increases w/ altitude Layers of gases Term Height of Space Ship Definition 200km Term Atmospheric layer containing most heat and weather. Definition Troposphere Term Atmospheric layer containing ozone layer. Definition Stratosphere Term Ionosphere Definition Portion of thermosphere between around 90-500 km. It absorbs uv rays from sun and releases some of the energy in form of heat Term Ozone Layer Definition Form of oxygen gas. O*sub*3 Term 3 ways heat travels Definition Radiation Conduction Convection Term Radiation Definition Transfer of heat energy through space Term Conduction Definition Transfer of heat energy through collisions of atoms and molecules Term Convection Definition Transfer of heat energy through liquid and gas. Term What role does the atmosphere play in the energy budget of the Earth? Definition Using something called the Greenhouse effect, it keeps much of the earth's energy from escaping into outer space Term How much of the incoming radiation from the sun is absorbed in the atmosphere? Definition 19% of the sun's radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere. Term Of the sun's radiation that reaches the surface, how much is absorbed by the earth's surface? Definition The Earth's surface absorbs 51% of the sun's radiation Term Of the sun's radiation that reaches the surface, how much is reflected? Definition All of the enerfy that reaches the earths surface is in one way or another radiated back to space. Term The Earth is closer to the sun in _____. Definition summer Term Formula for relative humidity is ______. Definition (specific humidity/maximum capacity)100 Term Heat Definition TOTAL kinetic energy of all of the particles of the substance Term temperature Definition measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the particles of a substance Term What is an air mass? Definition Large body of air in the lower troposphere. Term What determines an air mass's characteristics? Definition Location the air mass originates. Term What is the dew point? Definition The temerature t which saturation occurs, and condensation begins Term How does fog form? Definition Fog forms when a cold surface cools the warmer air above it. Term What determines atmospheric pressure? Definition Changes in elevation, temperature, and humidity. Term High temperature = _____ atmospheric pressure. Definition Low Term High humidity = _____ atmospheric pressure. Definition Low Term What does a thermometer actually measure? Definition Temperature, not heat. Term How does a sling psychrometer work? Definition A sling psychrometer has a wet-bulb thermometer and a dry-bulb thermometer. If the air is not saturated, than the wet-bulb will have a lower temperature than the dry-bulb. The greater the difference in temperature, the lower the humidity. Term What is adiabatic cooling? Definition Cooling w/o releasing heat. Term Cold front Definition boundary between advaancing cold air mass and the warm air mass that it's displacing. Term If warm air displaces cold air, the boundary between the air masses is known as a _____. Definition Warm front Term When warm air caught between two cold air masses is forced to rise, the result is known as an __________. Definition Occluded front. Term What is "instability"? Definition cold air mass pushing a warm one up. percipitaiton results. Term Thunderstorm Definition storms w/ thunder, lightning, rain, hail Term Cyclone Definition violently rotating column of air that usually touches the ground Term Hurricane Definition Large rotating storm of tropical origin that has sustained winds of at least 119 km/hr. Term Coriolis Effect Definition tendency of an object moving freely over earth's surfaace to curve away from its path of travel Term Jet stream Definition bands of swiftly moving winds. Term Convection cells Definition current of motion in mantle Term monsoons Definition winds that change direction seasonally Term Two types of plates making up the Earth's Crust. Definition Continental and Oceanic. Term Three types of plate boundaries Definition Transform, Convergent, Divergent Term When an Oceanic plate plunges beneath another one, it is said to be _______. Definition subducting Term What features are present at a subduciton boundary? Definition Deep-sea trenches Volcanoes Earthquakes Term What boundary causes rift vallies to form? Definition Divergent Term What type of boundary will produce mountains? Definition Convergent Collision Term What are the layers of the Earth? Definition Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core Term What is a "smoker" found along a mid ocean ridge? Definition Divergent boundary where cylinders release heat waves Term Volcano Definition opening in Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt and to the landdform that develops around this opening. Term What causes a volcano to erupt? Definition A volcanic eruption occurs when magma rises to the surface. Term Magma Definition Molten mantle Term Three conditions that allow magma to form: Definition 1. decrease in pressure lowers melting temperatures 2. increase in temperatures. 3. increase in the amount of water in atheonsphere can lower melting temperatures. Term What plate boundaries result in volcanoes? Definition Divergent, Convergent Term What are the 3 types of volcanoes? Definition Composite Cinder Cone Shield Term Composite Definition Layers of materials from successive explosive eruptions accumulate around a vent. Term Cinder Cone Definition molten lava is thrown into the air from a vent Term Shield Definition Broad base and gently sloping sides Term What are the 2 types of magma. Definition Mafic and Felsic Term Lava Definition Magma that reaches the earth's surface. Term pluton Definition igneous intrusion Term batholith Definition largest of all plutons Term laccolith Definition dome shaped pluton Term dike Definition sheet of igneous rock that cuts across layers verticly at a steep angle Term sill Definition sheet of igneous rock that lies parallel to the layers it intrudes Term hot spot Definition areas of volcanic activity that result from plumes of hot solid material that have risen from deep w/in earth's mantle. Term What is a mid ocean ridge? Definition Divergent plate boundary with a rift valley in the ocean. Term More explosive eruptions usually involve magmas which ontain trapped gases. When these gases are released, solid fragments called _________ may be ejected. Definition pyroclastic material Term ash Definition smallest pieces of pyroclastic materials Term largest piece of pyroclastic material Definition bombs Term volcanic neck Definition solidified lava filling the central vent of an extinct volcano. Term main gases released by volcanic eruptions Definition water vapor and carbon dioxide Term This type of magma hs more silica Definition Felsic Term This type of magma has a greater density than the other. Definition Mafic Term _____ magma melts at a higher temperature. Definition Felsic Term _____ magma is more viscous; it flows more slowly Definition Felsic Term _____ magma has a lighter color. Definition Felsic Term Silica, biotite, and hornblende are minerals of _____ magma. Definition mafic Term _____ magma has a lighter color. Definition Felsic Term Silica, biotite, and hornblende are minerals of _____ magma. Definition mafic Term Quartz, silica, and feldspar are minerals of _____ magma. Definition Felsic Term _____ magma comes from continental crust. Definition Felsic Term How do igneous rocks form? Definition Solidified magma Term What are extrusive rocks? Definition Rocks formed at Earth's surface Term What are intrusive rocks? Definition Rocks that form from underground magma Term What is a crystal? Definition a regular geometric solid w/ smooth surfaces called crystal faces. Term fault Definition break in the lithosphere along which movement has occured. Term Joint Definition break in the lithosphere along which no apparant movement has occured. Term 3 main types of faults Definition Normal, Reverse, Strike-slip Term ______ causes a reverse fault. Definition Compression Term _____ causes a normal fault. Definition Tension Term ______ causes a strike-slip fault. Definition Shear stess Term The ______ always has an angle in this direction: \ Definition footwall Term earthquake Definition shaking of earth's crust caused by a release of energy Term energy released in earthquakes travel in _____. Definition waves Term What is the instrument called that records the waves? Definition Seisomogram Term What is the record? Definition Seismograph Term _____ waves move in sraight lines. Definition P Term _____ waves move in squiggly lines Definition S Term _____ waves can go through any material. Definition P Term _____ waves can only travel through solid material. Definition S Term _____ waves are fast. Definition P Term _____ waves move slowly. Definition S Term Mohorovic discontinuity Definition boundary where the dense rock of the mantle meets the less dense rock of the crust. Term Richter scale Definition to measure magnitude 31 fold increase in energy Term moment magnitude Definition measures energy released at earthquake's source Term fold shaped like an A /////\\\\\ Definition anticline Term fold shaped like a U \\\\\///// Definition syncline Term old in the middle, young at the edge Definition anticline Term young in the middle, old at the edge Definition syncline Term one direction \\\\\\ or ////// Definition monocline Term old is at the ______ (top or bottom) Definition bottom Term How do metaporphic rocks form? Definition heat, pressure, moisture Term protolith Definition parent rock Term What are the 2 major types of metamorphic rock? Definition foliated + granular Term Foliated metamorphic rocks Definition Slate, schist, gneiss Term nonfoliated metamorphic rocks Definition marble, quartzite, anthracite Term another term for non-foliated Definition granular