• Homind
• 2-2.5 mya
• first in all Africa
• found in Taung site (S. Africa)
• child's skull
• Biped
• small brain- 440 cc
• big teeth
• lived with proanthropus & early homo
• Robert Broom discovered full one
• "mrs. ples" @ sterkfrontein
• osteodontokeratic culture

Paranthropus Robustus

• hominid
• 2.5-1 mya, S. Africa
• big teeth,, but less robust
• 1/3 paranthropus

Paranthropus Boisei

• Hominid
• 2.5-1 mya, S. Africa
• big teeth
• large lower jaw
• large chewing muscles
• U shaped tooth row
• sagital crest
• low forehead
• longer arms and shorter legs than humans
• rough veggie diet, poss. meat
• 510-530 cc
• females smaller
• all jaw & teeth robust

Paranthropus Aethiopicus

• Hominid
• 2.5 mya, E. Africa
• N. Kenya, Lake Turkana
• 1985- Richard Leaky & Alan Walker
• "Black Skull" (from chem. staining)
• 410 cc- smallest ever
• compound crest
• huge check teeth
• dished face
• sagital crest
• extreme facial prognathism
• flaring zygomatic arches
• linked to robust ancestors and gracile ancestors
• earliest robust hominid

Homo Habilis

"handy man"

• 1.8 mya
• E. Africa
• 1960s, Louis Leaky: remains found at Olduvai Gorge
• 631 cc- 20% increase from australopiths
• early Olduvai tool makers
• "Twiggy" - Olduvai Hominid (OH 24)
• longer arms and shorter legs than humans
• curved fingers and toes (for climbing)
• virtually identical to earlier australiopiths

• Asfaw, Tim White, & Colleagues
• 2.5 mya
• Ethiopia's middle awash region
• garhi = "surprise"
• link b/w australopithecus and homo(?)
• prognathic face
• large teeth
• long legs and forearms
• less than 5' tall

Robust v. Gracile

Robust = paranthropus

Gracile = herbivores

Australiopiths -> Homo

• larger brains & bodies
• smaller teeth due to dietary changes
• greater reliance on hunting and culture

Features

o       Sagittal crest: ridge of bone (temporal muscles) that runs from the front of the head to the back of the head where the jaw muscles anchor

Which are the hominids that live today?

US

• 1972- Richard Leaky and Bernard Ngeneo
• Koobi Fora, Kenya- E. side of Lake Turkana
• 2 mya
• KNM-ER 1470 - only specimen
• 775 cc
• thought to be h. habilis originally

• both originated approx. 2 mya
• rudolfensis brain much larger
• facial and teeth measurements differ
• rudolfensis attributed to genus Homo originally
• may be first member of homo on path to humans or homo-like australopiths w/ no direct bearing on evolution of humans

• originally h. erectus
• 850-900 cc
• 2 sites in Africa: koobi Fora & W. Turkana
• 1.8 - 1.5 mya
• Acheulian stone tools- post Oldowan

• 1.75 mya
• Koobi Fora, Kenya
• Adult female based on cranial sutures, molar eruption, and dental wear
• some of pop. moved to asia

• 1.5 mya
• Koobi Fora, Kenya
• Lack of sulcus (groove) behind massive brow ridges
• male based on degree of robusticity
• derived from the pop. of 3733 that stayed in africa

• Turkana boy
• 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu and Rob. Leakey
• W. side of Lake Turkana
• almost complete skeleton of 12 yr old male
• 6 ft in height as adult, tall and thin- an adaptation for hot enviro.

• first species to leave africa into europe and asia (primarily asia)
• 1.8 m - 200,000 y.a
• adapted to both tropical and temperate climates: very thick femur & over 1,000 cc

• small village of Trinil in Java
• 1841 discovered skullcap and femur
• Pithecanthropus erectus
• "upright ape man" but ape was later removed from name

• 1899 fossil tooth located among dragon bones
• medicine and aphrodisiacs were the use of the bones
• first skull turned up in 1929
• Davidson Black- first study
• Skeletal remains representing upward of 40 male and female adults and children
• site occupied over 200,000 years
• charred bits of wood and bone controlled use of fire 

• Dr. Franz Weidenreich- fled Gernmany after nazis took control and moved to UK
• made casts and drawings of materials
• fossils lost at time of jap. invasion of china in WW2

• site in Republic of Georgia
• evidence of early h. erectus 1.75 mya
• findings: one fairly complete skull, one large mandible, 2 partial skulls
• Finds sugggest rapid spread by 1.7 mya of early homo out of Africa and into Eurasia
• these are the most ancient undisputed human fossils outside of africa!

• evidence for simple shelters
• earliest occupation of cave sites
• widespread evidence for controlled use of fire poss. as early as 700 kya
• stone and other tools

• bitface: worked on both sides
• cut, scrape, pound, and dig
• target of design on tool- standardization
• found with remains of large animals
• used for hunting and butchering

• conservative: archaic h. sapiens (not right)
• nonconservative: h. heidelbergensis, h. neanderthalensis, h. antecessor

Homo Heidelbergensis

• 800,000 - 100,000 years ago
• height and weight essentially modern
• 1,283 cc
• Africa, Asia, and Europe- highly variable morphologic traits
• Mauer Jaw: 1907, Mauer sand pits Gernmany
• ^ massive mandible- both primitive and robust and derivied teeth (small molers)
• oldest european fossil for a long time
• ca. 500,000 years old
• incipient chin, massive brow ridges

compared to h. erectus:

• smaller and separated brows
• higher cranial vault
• less prognathic face
• smaller teeth
• thinner vault bones

• h. heidelbergensis
• 250,000-35,000 ya
• prepared core technique:
• core trimmed around edges to produce disk shape
• then large flake struck from one face
• flakes then shaped into number of specialized tools

• in Africa: evolved into archaic h. sapiens and eventually us
• in Europe: evolved into h. neanderthalensis

• 130,000 - 35,000 years b.p.
• many sites overlap with anatomically modern humans (amh)
• primarily Europe but also Middle East and W Asia
• 1856, Neander Valley, Germany
• barbarian lived in are before celtic and germanic tribes
• modern man with rickets

• france: la chapelle-aux-saints, 1908, flexed burial, 1,620 cc
• marcellin boule: tall and bent from arthritis, depicted as brutish, closer to apes
• shanidar, iraq: 60,000 bp, 7 adults and 2 children, 4 burials
• ^ male 5 yrs old, blow to left side of head, probably blind, withered arm, trauma to leg and foot....neanderthal compassion?

• height 4.9-5.6 ft
• weight 110-143 lbs
• postcrania: very robust, barrel chested, powerfully muscled
• cranial/postcrania adapted for a cold environment
• 1520 cc (cold adaptation?)
• wide nasal aperature and prognathic - is a cold adaptation for sure
• larger nasal passages in order to warm and cool the air surrounding causing the skull to be prognathic

• w. asia
• 60,000 bp
• kebara cave, israel
• modern hyoid
• suggests modern larynx

• hunters: spears, had to get close to prey, had Trinkaus ( patterns of injury similar to rodeo riders)
• gathering: berries, nuts, and plants

• neanderthals elaborated on Levallois technique
• invented the mousterian industry
• wider range of shapes and uses
• more flakes per core

chatelperronian tools

• borrowed technology from AMH and modified
• blade based tools with specific functions
• disappeared 34 kya

• 24,500 bp
• 4 year old child
• a morphological mosaic with features of both neanderthals and modern humans
• published in 1999 PNAS remains controversial

• eight short human beings
• small brain volume
• Liang Bua cave on the Indonesian island of Flores
• 95-12 kya
• female skeleton (flo): in her 30s, 18,000 yrs old, 1 meter tall, 380 cc
• h. floresiensis a variation of h. erectus and may have lived side by side
• stones carved and sharpened- show these ppl were successful hunters, capable of catching animals very large
• minature stone acheulian tools? 

• living things divided by geographic isolation from the land population undergoing gradual physical shrinkage due to a local insufficiency of food resources
• smaller bodied individuals do better on islands bc food is scarce, and those who are smaller with lower calorie intake have a better chance at survival
• smaller individuals thus outbreed larger ones, contributing more of their genes to successive generations
• over time population will shrink

• a myth from the island of flores that something resembling a leperchaun or elf lived on the island
• remsembles..h. floresiensis?!
• people say the ebu gogo were alive when the dutch came along to colonize

• large brain: 1,330 cc
• vertical forehead
• small brow ridge
• small teeth
• little prognathism

• Herto, Ethiopia
• 160 kya
• Tim White
• 3 crania found
• animal remains with cut marks
• population that is on the verge of anatomical modernity but not fully
• evidence of mortuary practices

Near East- Israel

• Mt. Camel cave sites
• modern homo sapiens: skhul cave, 120,000 yrs ago
• h. neanderthalensis: tabun, 110,000 ya

W. Europe

h. sapiens idaltu

• 40,000 ya
• cro-magnon, france- rock shelter near village of magnon:
• first AMH in Europe
• remains of 8 individuals found
• lived beside and competed with neanderthals for as long as 10,000 years

Asia

 h. sapiens idaltu

• china
• one site that is poss. 50,000 bp
• generally not colonized by AMH until the Upper Paleolithic (after 45,000 bp)
• why not? unknown...maybe amh preferred warmer weather

australia

h. sapiens idaltu

• glacial times
• indonesia joined to asia
• australia not!
• occupied by AMH by 55,000
• bamboo rafts (to float places) i.e. borneo, java, and new guinea

Europe

AMH

• upper paleolithic in europe begins ca. 40,000 yr

1. age of technological innovation
2. symbolic and ceremonial artifacts
3. sculpture, engraving, painting, and music
4. increased specialization of stone tools

• upper paleolithic cave art

1. over 150 sites, primarily france and spain
2. naturalistic depictions of animals
3. inaccessible cave walls and ceilings
4. significance: religious, magical, form of communication, or just art

• 30,000 - 13,000 ya
• multiple migrations over bering land bridge
• distance across bering strait from siberia to alaska's 55 miles
• during Pleistocene ice ages the trip could be made entirely on land
• additional periods: small watercraft moving along coast lines