-German (1818-1883)

-Economist who studied production and distribution of goods and services in a society

- He spent his life analyzing capitalism

-"communist manifesto" - 1858

-"capital" 

capitalism

technology.

the technology in a given society that's necessary for converting raw materials into goods for human use.

when the proletariat works and produces commodities that when sold create profit for the owner and do not contribute to his wage. 

the product of surplus labor, the extra 8 chairs produced, the profit produced from surplus labor is surplus value.

surplus value

The belief by the proletariat that the capitalist system is fair and just, and that they are not exploited. 

Central Africa.

In 2000 scientists discovered a fragmented skull.

Chad.

1960s.

A family of anthropologists (the Leakeys) made an enormous contribution to discovering the origin of humankind.

-the earliest stone toolmakers were African people.

- people migrated to Africa.

The Nile has existed as a Ribbon of Life.

-once annually, intense rains fill the Nile, causing the Nile to overflow its banks. This deposits silt onto the surface of the land, serving to fertilize the land.

-see handout farming: the genesis of social progress

Immediately the traders saw that America was a major source of natural resources so their first impulse was to enslave the people there. 

-the majority of slaves came from West Africa

-2-300 miles inland and 3,000 miles down the coast of West Africa: Liberia, Ivory Coast, Cameroon , Ghana, Nigeria

paternalism

the notion that one group of people is superior to another and so needs to function as a parent.

i.e. the europeans felt they were benefitting the African people

-part of the family but at the same time secondary status

relation of the master and slave

"connectio nbetween the highest and lowest races of men"

"ultimate benevolence"

There were 3 societies that developed in the area

Ghana:  ? -1200 AD

Mali : 870-1500 AD

Songhai: 1500-1590 AD

development of societies

I. population growth 

1. agricultural revolution

2. dessication of the Sahara

3. the use of iron tools

II. the caravan trade

1. people came across routes in the sahara to W. Africa to trade gold and salt in W. Africa

2. spread of Islam 

- influenced their system of law, taxation, political structure, scholarly tradition to value knowledge and research

The Ifa is the spiritual and ethical tradition of Yorubaland. 

-this religion is unique because it's the only African religion that has developed outside Africa. 

-has ideas that are traceable to Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti and Brazil

1. The goodness of the world

3 kinds of good:

1. human good 

2. natural good

3. divine good

Broad Theological development #2

The chosen status of humans

-everybody is the elect, chosen people of God

-there is no distinctions regarding race, religion

-all people are bearers of dignity and divinity; consequently all people should treat each other with respect

The right to a good life

-all people are divinely ordained to the right to a good life

-all people have the responsibility to make the world good

The Conditions for a good life

1. full knowledge

2. happiness everywhere

3. Freedom from anxiety and fear

4. the end of antagonism with other beings (people)

5. Freedom from poverty and misery

1. Religion guided every aspect of Egyptian life.

2. Egyptian religion was based on polytheism, or the worship of many deities, except for during the reign of Akenaton.

3. The Egyptians had as many as 2000 gods and godesses. Some like Amun, were worshipped throughout the whole country, and others had a local following only.

4. Often gods and goddesses were represented as part human and part animal.

5. Egyptians depended on the good will of their gods to grant what they wanted. The disappearance of the sun each night frightened them into imagining that it made a dangerous journey past enemies who tried to prevent its reappearance in the morning. So they made offerings to the gods, prayed, did in general whatever they believed their gods might demand to ensure its return." 

1. (Horus, the sky god, had the head of a hawk, and body of a human. THey considered animals such as the bull, the cat, and the crocodile to be holy.

2. Their two chief gods were Aomn-Ra and Osiris, Amon Ra was the sun god and lord of the universe. 

3. Osiris was the god of the underworld. Stories about him revolved around the idea of immortality. Osiris was the god that made a peaceful afterlife possible.

4. The Egyptian "Book of the Dead" contains the major ideas and beliefs in the ancient Egyptian religion. Because their religion stressed an afterlife, Egyptians devoted much time and wealth to preparing for survival in the next world.

1. Temples were considered dwelling places for the gods. They were everywhere. Each city had a teple built for the god of that city. THe purpose of the temple was to be a cosmic center by which men had communication with the gods.

2. As the priests became more powerful, tombs became a part of great temples.

3. The priests duty was to care for the gods and attend to their needs. The priests had many duties such as funeral rites, teaching school, supervising the artists and works, and advising people on problems.

Book of the Dead

(80 words)

a. Not a book in the sense of a single work but many versions of roughly the same material, which consisted of a collection of spells, incantations, prayers, hymns and rituals. The various versions--among them numbering about 200 different spells have been standardized and codified by Egyptologists for ease of reference.

b. As customers eager for immortality increased, books of the dead became a major industry for scribes who copied thousands of editions.

c. Two final judgments to achieve eternal life.

1. One was beyond the deceased's control; the other was based on his persuasive skill.

2. The first test placed the heart of the deceased on one side of a balance scale whose other pan held a feather... since the feather stood for truth, the test examined the heart to determine how truthful the person had been in life. Osiris is usually depicted presiding over the judgment to ensure fairness while the god of writing, Toth, records the result.

3. If the dead person failed the test, his heart was thrown to a creature with the body of a ippo and the head of a crocodile who destroyed the person by eating his heart.

4. After the balance scale test, the deceased would be ushered into the Hall of Double Truth for a second judging by a tribunal of forty-two gods. He would b required to "separate himself from evil doings" by making a plea, convincing each god that he had never done a specific wrong. 

5. The purpose of the Book of the Dead was to guide the deceased through the judgment process.

6. If the deceased passed this second test and was declared "true of voice" he earned passage to the netherworld and became a "westerner", ready to be welcomed by Osiris.

Burial Tombs

A. After a period of about 70 days, in which the mummification process took place, the mummy was placed in a decorated coffin.

B. Furniture, carved statues, games, food, and other items useful to the next life were prepared to be buried with the mummy. 

C. The last ritual performed by the priest on the mummy was called the "Opening of the Mouth". This ceremony was to magically give the deceased the abilty to speak and eat again, and to have full use of his body. After placing the mummy in the sarcophagus, the tomb was sealed. 

Embalming and Burial Tombs

part 2

A. When a person died, the priests recited prayers and a final attempt which was made to revive the deceased. THe body was then washed and purified in a special shelter.

B. The body was then taken to the embalmer's workshop. A cut was made in the left side, and all the organs were removed and stored in containers known as canopic jars. 

C. The body was then packed with a salt called natron for a period of forty days. After forty days passed, the insides were filled with linen or sawdust, resin and natron. 

D. The body was wrapped in bandages with jewelry and amulets between the lyers. A portrait mask was placed over the head of the deceased by the Chief Embalmer, who wore a jackal mask to represent Anubis.

E. The wrapped body, or mummy, was put into a coffin.

4 basic tenets of Ma'at

(80 words)

1. Humans as the Divine Image of God

2. The Dignity of the Human Being

"Human beings are the bearers of dignity and divinity so they have the moral obligation to act in a way that's worthy of that condition. The sanctity of human life, because of the concept there's no distinction between people because of physical and social difference. 

3. Standing Worthy Before God and the People

4. Worthiness Before Nature

basis for standing worthy before nature:

a. the sacredness of the world as God's creation and His care for all His creation great and small. 

b. The obligation we have as offspring of the Divine to care for His creation which must be done as a loving son or daughter does for ones parent.

c. The obligation to care for and not damage the shared heritage or inheritance from our Creator. 

Seven Cardinal Virtues of Maat

Balance

Order

see handout.

balance: Excessive pride and arrogance are the destruction of the owner. But those who are gentle in character create their own fate.

Order: "I am pleasant, openhanded, a possessor of food who does not hide his face from those in need. I am a friend of the poor and favorable to the have-nots. I am one who feeds the hungry who are needy and one who is openhanded to those who are destitute. I am one who is informed to those who lack knowledge and one who teaches a person what is useful to him or her. I am a listener, one who listens to Maat and who ponders it in the heart. I am one who is pleasant in the hose of his Lord and one who is remembered by reason of his excellent qualities."

Book of Ptah-Hotep,

Points I-IV 

(80 words)

The Husia: the main focus is on maat and the moral and spiritual obligation each person has in preserving and practicing it in and for the community. 

I-IV

-wisdom is universal

-parallel to Gal 6, 

the Husia says "the plans of men and women do not always come to pass, for in the end it is the will of God which prevails." Therefore, one should live in peace with others and they will come and willingly give gifts which another would take from them through fear. 

Book of Ptah Hotep

X-XIII

silence is better than useless chatter.

share your gifts with your friends.

Peace will not be found in a city where friends are forgotten and their needs are not answered. 

Pay attention to what your wife wishes.

If you wish your conduct to perfect, to be free from all that is evil, guard against the vice of greed for material things. 

-in Mali

-post on the trans-saharan caravan route

-center for the expansion of Islam

-Three mosques built at the time

founded in AD1100

-14th c. became important center in the gold salt trade

-city at its commercial and intellectual height during the 14th century 

-city declined after being captured by Morocco in 1591

-Timbuktu now an administrative center of Mali

-small salt caravans from Taoudenni still come in winter but no gold trade. also trans-saharan commerce doesn't exist anymore.