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| A nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
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| The basic unit and requirement of life. Can be eukaryote or prokaryote. |
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| Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
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| the theory that every complex phenomenon, esp. in biology or psychology, can be explained by analyzing the simplest, most basic physical mechanisms that are in operation during the phenomenon. |
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| New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases |
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| An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems |
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| A biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure |
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| reasoning from detailed facts to general principles |
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| A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A C G and T. Capable of being replicated and determing the inherited strcutre of a cell's proteins |
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| reasoning from the general to the particular |
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| The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition |
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| the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment |
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| cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms |
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| the millionth part of a meter. |
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| the degree of sharpness of a computer-generated image |
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| A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
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| A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
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| anything that takes up space and has mass |
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| A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
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| A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightloy negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule |
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| the smallest unit of an element with the element's properties |
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| a chemical formula showing the linkage of the atoms in a molecule diagrammatically, as H–O–H. |
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| having a strong affinity for water |
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| one of a class of substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means |
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| a chemical linkage consisting of two covalent bonds between two atoms of a molecule |
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| having little or no affinity for water. |
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| A substance consisting of two or more elements |
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| an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons |
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| The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion |
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| Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond |
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| the electrostatic bond between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons |
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| A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water |
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| a positively charged elementary particle that is a fundamental constituent of all atomic nuclei |
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| A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond |
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| The ratio of dissolved moles of a compound per liter of solution |
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| A neutrally charged elementary particle |
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| The measurement of the degree to which a substance increases hydrogen ion concentration |
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| a negatively charged elementary particle |
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| A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions, increasing with increasing alkalinity and decreasing with increasing acidity. The pH scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 14 |
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| the number of positive charges or protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element, and therefore also the number of electrons normally surrounding the nucleus |
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| The attraction of an element for the electrons of a covalent bond |
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| A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concetnration of a solution |
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| a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom; "the chemical properties of an atom are determined by the outermost electron shell" |
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| Covalent bond where the shared electrons are not shared equally due to differing electronegativities. ie H2O |
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| A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Contains the OH atoms. |
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| The outermost electrons in an electron shell |
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| A molecule, such as water, with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule |
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| Hydrogens and Carbons linked together with additional functional groups on the side |
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| A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions |
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| A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and called alcohols |
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| A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom |
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| A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer |
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| A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a H ion and acquiring a charge of 1+ |
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| A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom |
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| A chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group |
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| A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom |
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| A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules |
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| An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides |
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| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together |
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| A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
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| The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
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| The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction |
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| Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, H bonds, and disulfide bridges |
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| A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water moleucle |
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| the covalent bond between two sulfur atoms that binds two peptide chains |
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| A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers |
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| The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids |
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| the way different proteins fit together to form large macromolecules |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the seperation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature |
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| A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction wihtout being consumed by the reaction |
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