Term
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Definition
individuals of one sex compete among themselves for access to the other sex
1) contest competition
2) scramble competition
3) coercion
4) persuasion |
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Term
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Definition
Form of INTRASEXUAL SELECTION
direct competition over a scarce resource, i.e. mates (often aggressive/physical) |
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Term
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Definition
Form of INTRASEXUAL SELECTION
Competition for access to resources, "a mad scramble" |
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Term
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Definition
Form of INTRASEXUAL SELECTION
competition in which one sex forcibly prevents mating access to other individuals |
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Term
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Definition
Form of INTRASEXUAL SELECTION
Competition in which one sex convinces the other sex to limit mating access to other individuals |
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Term
| Intersexual Selection (?) |
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Definition
selection on the characteristics of one sex based on the mate choices of members of the opposite sex, i.e. "Female choice"
1) Males possess a trait that females find attractive and therefore those males get more mates
2) Males show the traits to show that they are high quality enough to handle their trait |
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Term
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Definition
A reproductive system in which MALES mate with MORE THAN ONE FEMALE
-98% of mammals
-Sexually dimorphic
-Energy devoted to male-male competition; no parental investment
-High variance in male RS
-Male display, female choice
-Polygyny by excluding rivals
Polygynous Strategies:
1) female defense polygyny
2) resource defense polygyny and 'Polygyny Threshold Model'
3) male dominance polygyny
4) lek
5) scramble polygyny
6) satellite male
7) sneaker male |
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Term
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Definition
| A reproductive system in which FEMALES mate with MORE THAN ONE MALE |
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Term
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Definition
A reproductive system in which one female and one male mate exclusively (either for a reproductive cycle, a season or life)
Why Monogamy?
1) male help needed for infant success
2) polygyny threshold never reached
3) females' aggression prevents polygyny
4) mate guarding by males
-95% of birds
-Physically monomorphic
-Energy split between competition and parenting
-Low variance in male RS
-Mutual courtship
-Polygyny and polyandry through multiple pairbonds
How to Ensure Monogamy?
1) courtship rituals
2) communication |
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Term
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Definition
| A reproductive system in which BOTH males and females mate with MULTIPLE PARTNERS |
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Term
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Definition
| a reproductive system in which males compete over groups of monopolized females |
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Term
| Resource Defense Polygyny |
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Definition
| a reproductive system in which males compete over attractive territories in an effort to monopolize females |
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Term
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Definition
1) predicts polygyny if there is large inequality among males
2) predicts monogamy if NO inequality among males
3) predicts little reproductive inequality among females
4) shows importance of male control of resources
5) explains polygyny as partly due to female interest |
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Term
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Definition
| a reproductive system in which females select from aggregations of males; choice based on quality of male display |
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Term
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Definition
| a fixed reproductive site where males of a species aggregate for courtship displays to females |
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Term
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Definition
| a reproductive system in which males actively search out females without overt competition |
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Term
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Definition
| males who mimic females in size and color to gain access to females in other males' territories |
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Term
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Definition
| males who remain very small in order to gain access to females in other males' territories |
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Term
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Definition
1) male help needed for infant success
2) polygyny threshold never reached
3) females' aggression prevents polygyny
4) mate guarding by males |
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Term
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Definition
1) courtship rituals
2) communication |
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Term
| Infidelity in Monogamous Systems |
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Definition
Extra-pair Copulation (EPC): Cuckoldry or Philandry
Why females cheat: direct, indirect and social benefits
Anticuckoldry, Antiphilandry |
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Term
| Extra-pair Copulation (EPC) |
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Definition
| copulations that occur outside the original pairbond |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of a female having an EPC |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of a male having an EPC |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors used to ensure paternity certainty (before or after EPCs) |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors used to ensure male invests after copulation |
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Term
| Video: flowering plant biology |
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Definition
1) seed pod explodes
2) flowers' purpose is sex!
3) most flowers have male and female parts (female stigma and male anthers with pollen) |
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Term
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Definition
1) mating with yourself is easy with both sexes in one flower, but cross-pollination needed for genetic variation and adaptation
2) plants have to get creative to achieve cross-pollination since they're rooted to the ground- adapt for insects and other animal pollinators |
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Term
| Video: adaptations of flowers for insects and other animal pollinators |
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Definition
1) pollen carried by wind (wasteful)
2) need advertising- energy expensive, but pays off
3) rewards- payment with pollen, nectar, wax
4) deception
5) insects cheat, too |
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Term
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Definition
Traditional Societies:
83% Polygyny
16% Monogamy
<1% Polyandry
Indicators:
1) Sexual dimorphism- suggests mild polygyny
2) Male reproductive effort- suggest monogamy
3) Male variance in RS- suggest potential for polygyny
4) Group structure and pair-bonding- suggests monogamy
5) Testes size- suggests mild polyandry
6) Breast size/concealed ovulation- may suggest some polyandry
Best guess?
Humans evolved as a pair-bonded species with tendencies towards both polygyny and polyandry |
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