Term
|
Definition
repeat questions to measure reliability
-get reports from both partners |
|
|
Term
| advantages of face-to-face interviews |
|
Definition
-establish rapport with respondent + vary sequence of questions depending on person's responses
-in person is more effective than phone
-can be administered to illiterate people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Computer-assisted self-interviews
offers privacy of written questions while accommodating poor readers |
|
|
Term
| Advantages/disadvantages of direct observation |
|
Definition
-accurate, no purposeful distortion or inaccurate memory problems
-can be expensive, time-consuming, and sexual behavior in the lab may be inhibited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ask people to describe, personal statements
explores how people experience sexuality in details |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
convert everything to numbers, statistical analysis
-increases objectivity, but limits kind of data available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gender, race, age of interviewr
-female interviewers are preferred for both sexes
-wording of questionnaires (ex: have you ever committed the sin of ___? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-professional journals publish research
-review by ethics committee
-editorial board sets standards, checks credentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-early sex researcher
-cross-cultural study; studied documented cultural customs
-findings: found that homosexuality as a normal condition for some. attacked the theories linking masturbation to illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sex surveys: types and frequencies of sex behavior
-published 2 books on male and female sexuality
-bio professor: surveyed his sexuality class
-how questions are framed: "at what age did you __?"
-not a probability or random sample - surveyed everyone that was willing
-underrepresented groups: less educated, manual laborers, old people, catholics, jews, ethnic minorities, and people living in rural areas |
|
|
Term
| The National Health + Social Life Survey: 1994 |
|
Definition
-best sex survey of the general population
-privately funded, so small sample
-probability sampling of households in US
-face-to-face interviews + brief written questionnaires
-informed consent and $35 for respondents
-funding cuts = small minority groups are not represented |
|
|
Term
| 1997: survey of african american + hispanic youth |
|
Definition
-trained ethnic minority interviewers
-language,meaning of terms, and slang addressed
-latino women were more protected from sexual discussions + more difficult to interview
-latinos were more likely to have partners outside of ethnic group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-biased, because no one magazine teaches a random sample + Response rate is unknown
-no attempt to random sample or gain participants from other magazine circulation groups
-no checks of true gender or other characteristics
-renders data useless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ask controversial questions where individuals check yes or no.
-pointless, useless, entertainment purposes |
|
|
Term
| Tony Coxen's project Stigma |
|
Definition
-studied sex behavior of gay men
-used the snowball technique
-daily diary data collection; does not rely on memory
-does not generalize to all gay men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-set of procedures used to make valid inferences about text
-define population + create a coding scheme (ex: the word "Sin") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure used to demonstrate reliability of data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-measured the physiology of sexual response
-sample: interviewed prostitutes, brought in participants (mostly medical students)
-used equipment to observe autonomic processes + observed physiological components
-measured vaginal blood volume + muscular activity, heart rate, dilation of pupils, sex hormone levels
data criticisms: cannot be generalized, because did not use sexually dysfunctional participants
-not representative sample
-ethical considerations: follow p every 5 years
-not an experimental design |
|
|
Term
| Problems with kinsey's research |
|
Definition
-high school teacher that helped find volunteers was fired
-kinsey was called a pervert
-funding cut in 1950s, due to pressure on politicians
-accused to contributing to a wave of sexual hysteria and spread of juvenile delinquency |
|
|
Term
| Political + public resistance: Masters & Johnson |
|
Definition
| -harassed, including family members |
|
|
Term
| NIH Funding cut for a list of projects targeted by religious groups |
|
Definition
| -included kinsey study of physiological arousal, asian american sex workers study, US study of truckers networks, and native american hiv patients |
|
|
Term
| Participant-observer studies |
|
Definition
| -scientist becomes a part of the community to be studied and makes observations within |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-controversial due to no informal consent
-posed as lookout in restrooms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -observed sadomasochistic interactions in semi-public settings. parties are highly scripted and protected. did not obtain informed consent, but he did not reveal any identifying information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-repressed irish community
-overly controlled: no dance, song, music, sex
led to high levels of masturbation and aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one variable is manipulated while others are held constant |
|
|
Term
| overlapping distributions |
|
Definition
-more within group differences between men and women than between groups differences
-gender similarities hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| evaluating research questions |
|
Definition
-why was this research done? Who did it? Who funded it. What biases are there?
-who were the subjects? how were they selected and assigned to groups?
-how was research conducted? what methods were used?
-where was the research reported? what additional support is there? is it in a peer-reviewed journal? |
|
|
Term
| 2 categories of sex characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| female external organs (collectively known as the "vulva") |
|
Definition
1. clitoris
2. mons pubis
3. labia majora
4. labia minora
5. vaginal opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty piece of tissue, covered with pubic hair, at the front of body. sits on top of pubic bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rounded pads of fatty tissue lying along both sides of the vaginal opening, hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -erectile tissue, hairless, running along vaginal opening, extend forward in front to form clitoral hood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a small cylindrical erectile tissye with 2 "corpora cavernosa"
-as clitoris enlarges, pulled back against pubic bone
-no reproductive function, purely pleasure
-rich in blood + nerves; highest concentration of nerve fibers in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-connect to pubic bone. very big
-end of clitoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thin membrane, which is present partially covers the vaginal opening
-may be oval, circular, or sieve-like. connective tissue that can be stretched without tearring
-not a sign of virginity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obstructs vaginal opening and needs to be removed |
|
|
Term
| female genital cutting: circumcision |
|
Definition
-removal of the clitoral hood, not clitoris.
the only procedure that could be called circumcision, when compared to circumcision of males |
|
|
Term
| Excision (clitoridectomy) |
|
Definition
| completely remove external clitoris + some of the inner lips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of all of the external labia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection in blood stream from not sterile procedure; relating to FGM |
|
|
Term
| Urinary retention; relating to FGM |
|
Definition
-urethra is blocked
-bladder infections are frequent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-septicemia
-urinary retention
-chronic pain
-menstrual flow interruption
-keloid scars
hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-practiced in some muslim countries, not a part of the religion, just culture
2006: conference to try to eliminate FGM from culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-if there was a problem with women (mental illness or emotional difficulties), then they would remove clirotis or uterus.
Dr.Brown: operated on his won sister and became famous for it. nominated president of medical society, claimed to "Cure" hysteria, epilepsy, and migraines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -procedure for women who have a problem with large labia, assymetrical labia, etc. correct misshapenness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Vulvanomics"
raise awareness to beauty of vulva |
|
|
Term
| List female internal organs |
|
Definition
-vagina
-vestibular bulbs
-uterus
-fallopian tubes
-ovaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibromuscular tube with a layer of mucus-secreting cells
-connects the itnernal w the external genitalia
-pH is 4-6 (Acidic + bacterionastic)
-7.5-10 cm in length
-self-cleaning
-inner layer: soft mucosal surface similar to the inside of the mouth
-rugae: folded walls that can expand/contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4-6
acidic + bacteriostatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folded walls in the vagina that can expand/contract |
|
|
Term
| inner layer of the vagina |
|
Definition
| -soft mucosal surface similar to the inside of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sling-like band of muscle fibers that forms part of the pelvic floor. hammock-like
-partially supports the uterus, part of the vagina, the bladder, urethra, and rectum
-contains many nerves that contribute to sexual response
kegel exercises: contract 3 seconds, relax, contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bulbs of the clitoris. 2 organs about the size and shape of a pea pod.
lie on vaginal wall, near the entrance. under the labia
erectile tissue close to the curra of the clitoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
female prostate gland
lies between wall of the urethra and wall of the vagina.
its ducts empty into the urethra
secretes fluid that is similar to male prostate fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| size of a fist + is shaped like an upside-down pear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cervix
2. fundus
3. body
4. Fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow lower 1/2 of uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of the body of the uterus |
|
Definition
1. Endometrium
2. Myometrium: muscle layer
3. Perimetrium: outside covering, tough tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very narrow, lined with cilia that move egg down the tube
-pathway by which egg leaves ovaries and sperm reaches egg
-fertilization of egg occurs in infundibulum, section of tube closest to ovary
-fimbria: finger-like projections on the end of tube |
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization of egg occur? |
|
Definition
infundibulum
section of Fallopian tube closes to ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finger-like projections on the end of the Fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two organs the size of almonds, lie on either side of uterus
-2 functions: produce eggs and manufacture female sex hormones
-contains follicles (capsule that surrounds egg) |
|
|
Term
| two functions of the ovaries |
|
Definition
1. produce eggs (ova)
2. manufacture sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen |
|
|
Term
| follicles, relating to ovaries |
|
Definition
| capsule that surrounds egg |
|
|
Term
| What 2 hormones do the ovaries make? |
|
Definition
1. estrogen
2. progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-consist of 15-20 clusters of mammary glands
-fatty fibrous tissue
nipple: where milk ducts open
areola: area surrounding the nipple
-not much variation in glandular tissue and nerve endings in large and small breasts |
|
|
Term
| what are breasts made of? |
|
Definition
-fatty fibrous tissue
-15-20 clusters of mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| Psychosexual stages of development |
|
Definition
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. importance of history: history affects how they adapt as an adult
2. architecture of the mind: id, ego, superego
3. unconscious motivation
4. defense mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. based theories on too few observations. clinical, not experimental. sampling issues, biases
2. neglects importance of situation
3. not a falsifiable theory
4. penis envy and castration anxiety =/= correct
5. psychotherapy is not effective for all disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attached to the pubic bone
-erection coordinated by autonomic nervous system
-vascular process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| meatus (urethral opening) |
|
Definition
-opening at the end of glans
-urine and semen pass through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -raised ridge (Sensitive rim) separating glans from body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -high concentration of sensitive nerve endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prepuce
additional layer of skin that forms a sheath-like covering over glans |
|
|
Term
| List male external organs |
|
Definition
-penis
-scrotum
-glans
-meatus
-corona
-frenula
-foreskin |
|
|
Term
| list internal parts of the penis |
|
Definition
-3 long, spongy cylinders that fill with blood to erect
-corpus spongiosum: single body lying on bottom of penis; urethra runs through the middle of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single body lying on bottom of penis; urethra runs through the middle of it |
|
|
Term
| what are the cylinders in the penis bound together by? |
|
Definition
-connective tissue
-each structure is surrounded by fibruous sheath |
|
|
Term
| what variances in techniques are there in researching sexual behavior> |
|
Definition
1. whether they rely on people's self-reports of sex behavior or whether the the scientist observes the behavior directly
2. whether large numbers of people are studied (surveys) or whether a small number or just a single individual is studied
3. whether the studies are conducted in the laboratory or in the field
4. whether the sexual behavior is studied as it occurs naturally or whether some attempt is made to manipulate it experimentally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -intentionally giving self-reports that are not true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-respondent is asked a series of questions and then is asked the same set of questions after a period of time has passed
the correlation between answers of both times shows reliability of responses |
|
|
Term
| what methods are used to assess how reliable or accurate people's reports are? |
|
Definition
test-retest reliability
-obtaining independent reports from two different people who share sexual activity, such as husbands and wives |
|
|
Term
| advantage of the interview method for research |
|
Definition
-interviewer can establish rapport with the respondent and try to convince the person of the research's worth and convince them to be honest
- the interviewer can vary the sequence of questions, depending on the person's response
-can be administered to people that cannot read or write |
|
|
Term
| computer-assisted self-interview method |
|
Definition
| reads questions to individuals + changes responses based on previous answers |
|
|
Term
| advantages and disadvantages of direct observations in psychology research |
|
Definition
Advantages:
1. accurate
2. no purposeful distortion or inaccurate memory can intervene
Disadvantages:
1. expensive and time-consuming
2. small sample is studied - unwilling participants
3. may not be able to generalize to population, because of type of people that would not mind having sex in front of people
-is sexual behavior the same in the lab as it is at home? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-interviewed a total of 5,300 males + 5,940 females
-haphazard sampling, but not random
-face-to-face interviews
-asked questions in an assuming way. ex: Have you ever masturbated? becomes.. "at what age did you begin masturbating?" |
|
|
Term
| the kinsey report: criticisms |
|
Definition
-sampling error
-high reports of homosexual activity in males |
|
|
Term
| National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) |
|
Definition
-interviewed 3,000 people
-face-to-face interviews supplemented by brief written questionaires
-purpose of survey: better understand + prevent spread of AIDS and harmful sexual behavior
-paid interviewed people $35
-sampled people between 18-59 |
|
|
Term
| National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles |
|
Definition
-data for 18,000 men and women ages 16-59
-England, Wales, Scotland
-concluded that 14% of men and 7% of women had multiple sex partners in the last 12 months. similar findings as in NHSLS study |
|
|
Term
| Australian study of health and relationships (ASHR) |
|
Definition
-19,000 men and women ages 16-59
-computer-assisted telephone interviews
-indicated that first intercourse age is decreasing with generations
-38% of men and 27% of women reported that they did not use a form of contraception during first intercourse |
|
|
Term
| Ford & Norris: african american + latino youth |
|
Definition
-african americans and latinos aged 15-24
-95% of the 60 interviewers were minorities from detroit
-latinos and africans = more likely to date within own ethnic group
-latinos were more likely than african americans to have a partner outside of their ethnic group
-found that respondents should be interviewed with somebody of sane gender and ethnicity
-need to be aware of cultural differences + Slang terms |
|
|
Term
| magazine surveys: disadvantages |
|
Definition
-sampling: only distributed to readers of magazine
-cannot know response rate
example: survey posted on cosmo from Askmen.com. surveyed 6,000 (horny) men about what they liked in bed. poor sampling, cannot be generalized to population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coxon study of gay men in AIDS era
-sample: homosexual males from England and Wales
-divided population into 2 groups: "out" and active in gay community + those who were hidden (perhaps heterosexually married)
-recruited first set at bars. got names of "hidden" gays from "out" ones at the bars. then they asked the hidden ones for names of other gays. (snowballing sample)
-daily diary method: one page for each week. asked to tell details of each sexual experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| method for acquiring a sample of people, in which existing participants suggest names of future participants to be recruited |
|
|
Term
| advantages and disadvantages of web-based surveys |
|
Definition
-recruit much larger samples than traditional interview or question studies
-diverse population
-can find stigmatized sexual minorities on the web + survey only them, if wanted
-eliminate extraneous influences (Ex: appearance of interviewer)
---some bias can exist,because not EVERYONE has access to internet
---respondents can try to skew data or answer incorrectly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
set of procedures to make valid inferences about text
ex: advice columns in cosmo, romance novels, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| researcher trains another person in the exact use of the coding scheme for content analysis. the researcher and trained person both compare results and find a correlation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results are conveyed in numbers
ex: direct observation, surveys, interviews, etc |
|
|
Term
| participant-observer technique |
|
Definition
scientist actually becomes a part of the community to be studied + she or he makes observations about the community
ex: inis beag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reaching the conclusion that one factor actually causes or influences an outcome |
|
|
Term
| Cancers of the sex organs |
|
Definition
-breast, cervix, endometrium, ovaries
-prostate, testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not the most common form of cancer in women.
1/9 women get breast cancer
1/2 of all breast cancer cases are in senior citizens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hereditary predispositions
environment is the most important factor: pollution, plastics, detergents, drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign tumor growth. Get removed, does not come back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly sensitive x-ray. Can find very early cell changes and tumor development
not preventative. Repeated exposure to radiation. Most cancerous tumors found by self-exam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
removal of all breast tissue.
Muscle, lymph nodes, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only remove the lump and small bit of surrounding tissues |
|
|
Term
| treatments for breast cancer |
|
Definition
-radiation: kills growing cells
-chemotherapy
-hormone therapy: antiestrogen medication; blocks estrogen receptors on breast tissue.
-estrone: estrogen from adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15% of women
-women have a short urethra so bacteria can travel into bladder
-Common post menopause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high estrogen levels, diabetes, sex-related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vinegar douches + tea tree oil cream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remove ovaries; loss of progesterone source + sudden menopause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-common in men over 40
-second leading cause of cancer deaths after lung cancer
-early symptoms: frequent urination, difficult in urintation
-diagnosis: physician exam or testicular self-exam and ultrasound
-unknown cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-disease of young men
-first sign: painless lump in the testes, pain in lower abdomen and groin
-diagnosis: physician exam or testicular self-exam and ultrasound
-unknown cause |
|
|
Term
| most important sex hormones |
|
Definition
| testosterone, progesterone, estrogen |
|
|
Term
| where are sex hormones manufactured? |
|
Definition
| sex hormones are manufactured in the endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad feedback loop |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus sends messages about levels of sex hormones in blood to pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) in men |
|
Definition
| stimulating synthesis and secretion of testoerone |
|
|
Term
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in men |
|
Definition
| regulates the pituitary’s secretion of gonad-stimulating hormones |
|
|
Term
| What sex hormones do men have? (5) |
|
Definition
1. testosterone
2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. luteinizing hormone (LH)
4. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
5. Estrogen |
|
|
Term
| where is inhibin released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sex hormones to females have? |
|
Definition
1. estrogen
2. progesterone
3. prolactin
4. oxytocin
5. testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brings about many of the changes in puberty, allows bone growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickening of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate secretion of milk in the mammary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates contrations of the uterus during childhood; encourages bonding. Functions after orgasm. |
|
|
Term
| where does testosterone come from in females? |
|
Definition
| adrenal glands (on top of kidneys) |
|
|
Term
| when does fertilization occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do sex chromosomes do? |
|
Definition
| transmit info to variuous organs on how to differentiate in the course of development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do gonads differentiate? |
|
Definition
-7th week after conception for males
-10 weeks for females |
|
|
Term
| what do the mullerian ducts become after differentiation? |
|
Definition
| fallopian tubes, the uterus, and upper part of vagina |
|
|
Term
| what do the wolffian ducts become after differentiation? |
|
Definition
| epididymus, ejaculatory duct, and vas deferens (need sufficient testosterone to do this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| producted by metabolism of testosterone outside of the testes |
|
|
Term
| what happens if DHT is preent along with adequate receptor cells? |
|
Definition
| the tubercle elongates into a phallus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testes travel down this to get from the abdomen to the scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
undescended testes
occurs in 2% of males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longer sponge-like bodies that run from the tip of the clitoris to either side of the vagina |
|
|
Term
| why is the clitoris erectile? |
|
Definition
| internal structure contains corpora cavernosa that fill with blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of skin between opening of the vagina and anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the place where the vaginal lips come together behind the vaginal opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells manufacture testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what creates GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| negative feedback loop of hypothalamus, pituitary, and testes |
|
Definition
-ensure that testosterone is maintained at a constant level
-pituitary produces LH which stimulates the testes to produce terstosterone
-when testosterone levels get to high, the hypothalamus reduces the production of GnRH, which causes the pituitary to reduce production of LH and decreases production of testosterone
when testosterone falls, GnRH is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone that is produced in testes + regulates FSH levels
inhibin suppresses FSH production + sperm production |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are responsible for menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| -inhibin is produced by ovaries +inhibits FSH production |
|
|
Term
| what sex hormones are produced by the pituitary gland for females? |
|
Definition
|
|
