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| a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of physical characteristics such s skin color, hair texture, and eye shape |
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| individuals who are believed to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society |
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| a collection of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics |
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| a group that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society |
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| a group whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination |
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| a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups |
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| the tendency to regard one’s own culture and groups as the standard - and thus superior - whereas all other groups are seen as inferior |
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| overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories |
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| a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group |
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| actions or practices of dominant group members (or their representatives) that have harmful effect on members of a subordinate group |
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| the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation |
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| a policy of “cleansing” geographic areas by forcing persons of other races or religions to flee- or die |
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| individual discrimination |
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| behavior consisting of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property |
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| institutional discrimination |
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| the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups |
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| a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture |
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| the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society |
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| the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion |
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| according to conflict theorists, a practice that occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group |
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| the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color |
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| theory of racial formation |
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Definition
| the idea that actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the united states |
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| the process whereby some people treat other individuals as if they were objects or things, not human beings |
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| the biological and anatomical differences between females and males |
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| a person’s preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexually) |
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| extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are received as not being heterosexual |
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| the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with “femininity” and “masculinity” |
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| the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process |
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| a person’s perception of the self as female or male |
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| gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society |
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| all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society |
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| the subordination of one sex, usually the female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex |
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| behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over the other |
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| the concentration of women and men in different occupations, jobs, and places of work |
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| a term used to describe the disparity between women’s and men’s earnings |
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| the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker |
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| the belief that all people- both women and men- are equal and that they should be valued and have equal rights |
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Definition
| race-ethnic concentration in occupations unfilled by dominant group members |
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Definition
| geographically-bounded mini-economy of production, distribution, and consumption |
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| belief in biocultural categories that share physical and cultural traits that are distinct from other race-ethnic groups |
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| standard language and categories in government, which is adopted by other institutions, groups, and individuals |
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