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Details Title: serum enzymes, liver disease.. Description: disorders Total Flash Cards: 66 Created: 03/20/2007 08:14:30	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term LDH in skeletal muscle Definition pyruvate + NADH --> lactate + NAD Term LDH in heart muscle Definition lactate + NAD --> pyruvate + NADH Term predominant enzyme subunits that are present in skeletal muscle Definition HHMM, MMMH, MMMM Term Serum enzymes Definition LDH, Amylase, Acid phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase, Amino transferase (AST/SGOT), ALT/SGPT, Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), CPK (creatine phosphokinase), and Cholinesterase Term Amylase Definition made in salivary glands. attacks dietary starch,contains ptyaline. high levels in mumps, renal disease, pancreatic disease and abdominal trauma Term Acid phosphatase Definition found in prostate gland high levels in metastasizing prostate and breast cancers. found in semen Term Alkaline phosphatase Definition found in bone high in new bones, liver disease, bone tumor, pregnant women. Term Amino transferase (AST/SGOT) Definition cardiac enzyme, transfers nitrogen to both kreb's and urea cycles. high SGOT indicate heart disease, high SGOT+AST indicate liver disease Term ALT/SGPT Definition primarily high in liver disease Term GGT Definition found in liver. high in obstructive liver damage in chronic alcoholics. found in semen Term CPK Definition phosphorylates creatine into phosphocreatine. important source of energy in muscle cells. exists in isoenzyme forms as dimers MM, MB, BB Term CPK-MM Definition predominant in skeletal muscle. high levels after strenous exercise or trauma to muscle. Term CPK-BB Definition predominant in brain. high levels detected in brain/head trauma Term CPK-MB Definition predominant in heart muscle. high in MI and first to rise within 2-4hs of MI. Term cholinesterase Definition various types present in sera. levels are decreased in individuals exposed to agricultural poisoinings (organophosphate poisons - insecticides) Term serum enyme activity after MI Definition 1. CPK rises first quickly 2. AST rises in hs, peaks in 2-3d. 1wk 3. LDH rises in 8hs, peaks in 3-4d. 2wks Term Cardiac troponin Definition T and I are probably the best MI indicators due to their sensitivity. both rise fast and remain for 5-7 days. high T levels is also indicative of renal disease, surgery, and muscle injury Term referred pain Definition injury occuring in one location of the body, but pain experienced in another location. Term dual system of pain Definition sharp and dull Term A alpha fibers Definition neurons that travel to the motor system. largest pain fibers. Term Alpha gamma fibers Definition myelinated neurons that are very fast and phasic with amplitudes that lower after message of pain has been sent. Term B and C fibers Definition both unmyelinated, C is the smallest fiber. both are tonic and have continuous pain/signal firing. Term accupuncture interrupts signals in which pain fibers? Definition C Term Types of stroke Definition CVA and TIA Term 3rd leading cause of death in US Definition stroke Term First to occur, TIA or CVA? Definition TIA Term 2 mechanisms of stroke Definition ischemic: in which there's a reduction in total blood flow to the brain. hemorrhagic: rupturing of cerebral blood vessels during exercise. Term organ with the highest demand for blood at rest Definition brain, 20% and there are no reserves. so if blood flow is reduced, brain is threatened immediately Term arteries supplying the brain with blood Definition internal carotids and vertebral arteries Term how ischemia damages BBB Definition cerebral edema-->increased intracranial pressure-->brain infarction Term what caused autoregulation failure Definition vasodilation-->increased intracranial pressure Term major risk factor in CVA Definition hypertension*, age, chronic alcoholism, smoking + oral contraceptives, hrt disorders, weight, high cholesterol, diabetes, Term how glutamate damages cells Definition when soln is hypotoxic, glutamate binds glutamate receptors and causes a delay. the membrane depolarizes, E reduces by 70%, Ca enter neuronal cells, protein is digested, free radicals are produced, apoptosis takes place. Term types of stroke Definition global and focal Term global stroke Definition entire brain is affected. after 3 minutes damage is irreversible. Term focal stroke Definition vascular lesion affecting a specific brain region only. most common site is the middle cerebral. if clotting is prevented, the brain can recover. Term prognosis in stroke Definition MI likely after a stroke (33%) w/in 5 years of stroke. 40% partial/complete recovery speech impairment rarely has full recovery, especially in women Term CVA treatment Definition anticoagulants (use only if diastolic is <100mmHg), thrombolytic agents, surgery, prophylactic intervention Term mini stroke Definition TIA it is acute, with focal blood flow interruptions and is indicative of impending CVA Term Liver CO Definition 25% hepatic artery, 75% hepatic portal vein Term liver fxn Definition generate body heat, store glycogen, iron, fat-soluble vitamins. Term liver produces Definition gluconse, urea, ketones, cholesterol, bile salts, bilirubin, plasma proteins Term liver produces Definition gluconse, urea, ketones, cholesterol, bile salts, bilirubin, plasma proteins Term liver degrades Definition heme to bilirubin, and drugs in the body Term S/S of liver disease Definition RUQ pain, jaundice, photophobia, vascular spiders, hemorrhoids and GI bleeding, anorexia, ascites, hetomegaly, splenomegaly, asterizis, systemic edema, palmar erythema, fetor hepaticas, darkening of the urine, clay-colored stools, breast enlargement in males, facial hair and balding in females, systemic hypertension Term S/S of liver disease Definition RUQ pain, jaundice, photophobia, vascular spiders, hemorrhoids and GI bleeding, anorexia, ascites, hetomegaly, splenomegaly, asterizis, systemic edema, palmar erythema, fetor hepaticas, darkening of the urine, clay-colored stools, gynecomastia, hirsutism, systemic hypertension Term cause of systemic hypertension in liver disease Definition fluid retension and aldosterone build up Term dupuytren's contracture Definition inability to fully open and flatten palm, resulting in connective tissue damage. Term problem with blood diversion in liver disease Definition makes liver unable to process ammonian, which can easily cross BBB. Term hepatic encephalopathy Definition increased blood ammonia: lowered ammonia degradation, asterixis, fector hepaticas, anorexia, cerebral edema which might lead to coma. Term tx of hepatic encephalopathy Definition protein restricted diet, liver cleansing, use lactulose to reduce ammonia absorption Term diabetes insipidous Definition lack of ADH Term Diabetes mellitus Definition insulin shortage, inability to utilize glucose. Term insulin cycle Definition high glucose-->pancrease-->high insulin-->liver-->low blood sugar-->glycogen-->low glucose Term 6th leading cause of death in US Definition diabetes. also leading cause of blindness and limb amputation Term diagnosing diabetes Definition 1. fasting blood glucose or 2. classic symptoms or 3.post challenge with 75mg/dl glucose load Term causes of insulin diabetes Definition autoimmune (pancreatic beta cell death) viral hereditary (esp TII) obesity Term most common form of insulin diabetes Definition TII Term groups most affected by insulin diabetes Definition age < 30 have TI and age > 30 tend to have TII. Term tissue most sensitive to insulin absence Definition muscle and adipose tissues Term ketoacidosis in diabetes Definition occurs when lypolysis takes place in order to provide liver with fatty acids which are converted to ketone bodies-->ketoacids-->nausea-->anorexia Term acute complications of diabetes Definition hyperglycemia, dehydration, calorie loss due to muscle wasting, polydipsia, polyphasia, polyuria, blurred vision, ketoacidosis. Term hypoglycemia Definition occurs during exercise, fasting, or insulin overdose due to reduced blood glucose. this causes catecholamine release. Term blood glucose concentration at which hypoglycemic convulsions likely to occur Definition <50 mg/dl Term macrovascular diabetic complications Definition hypertension atherosclerosis syndrome X Term diabetes and renal failure Definition diabetes is the leading cause of ESRF, and pt. usually requires dialysis or kidney transplant. both glomerular and kidney tubules are damaged.