Term
| What are the 4 basic types of Stimuli |
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Definition
1. Electromagnetic 2. Mechanical 3. Thermal 4. Chemical |
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Term
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Definition
| Action potential (something like that) |
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Term
| What is an Adequate Stimulus? |
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Definition
The usual and appropriate stimulus for a receptor and for which the receptor has the lowest threshold. |
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Term
| What is a Receptor(generator) Potential? |
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Definition
Preceeds Action Potential The change in membrane potential when a type of stimulus excites a sensory receptor. Can be Hyperpolarized or Depolarized If its larger than the threshold of the neuron than it will result in an action potential. |
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Term
| What happens to the Action potential if a stronger stimulus sensed? |
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Definition
| The action potentials fire more rapidly. |
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Term
| What are the categories of Sensory Receptors? |
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Definition
Proprioceptors: sense of where you are in space. Interoceptors: concerned with internal environment.(Temp, Chemicals, Stretching of tissues) Exteroceptors: concerned with external environment.(all five senses) |
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Term
| What are the types of Somatic Sensory Receptors? |
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Definition
(Alll Exteroceptors) Mechanoreceptors: mechanical deformation in body surface. Thermoreceptors: warm/cold Nociceptors: pain Photoreceptors: hyperpolarization allows us to see light. Chemoreceptors: taste/smell, receptor is also a channel |
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Term
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Definition
Different forms of energy are transformed by the nervous system into different sensations or sensory modalities. The five major sensory modalities are vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. |
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Term
| What are the 6 Mechanoreceptors? |
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Definition
Pacinian Corpuscles Meissner's Corpuscles Hair Follicle Receptors Merkel's Disks Ruffini's Corpuscles Tactile Disks |
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Term
| Pacinian Corpuscles(location/function) |
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Definition
-Subcutaneous layers of nonhairy skin & muscle. -Pressure, vibrarion |
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Term
| Meissner's Corpuscles(location/function) |
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Definition
Fingertips, nonhairy skin Tactile discrimination |
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Term
| Hair Follicle Receptors (location/function) |
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Definition
-Hairy Skin -Detect velocity and direction of movement across skin |
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Term
| Merkel's Disks (location/function) |
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Definition
-Nonhairy skin -Detect vertical indentations of skin. |
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Term
| Ruffini's Corpuscles (location/function) |
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Definition
-Dermis of hairy skin and in joint capsules -Detect stretch and joint rotation. |
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Term
| Tactile Disks (location/function) |
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Definition
Hairy skin Detect verticle indentations (like Merkel's) |
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Term
| Whats the main difference between a Sensory cell and a Nerve cell |
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Definition
| A Nerve cell is influenced by a transmitter, while a sensory cell is influenced by a stimulus. |
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Term
| What does the nerve ending of a Pacinian Corpuscle "look" like? |
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Definition
| Free nerve ending cushioned by connective tissue. |
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Term
| How do the depolarizing ions get into Pacinian Corpucle? |
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Definition
| Pressure is applied to the skin and that pressure stretches the channels open. |
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Term
| What happens when a Pecinian Corpuscle experiences pressure over an extended amount of time? |
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Definition
It adapts and the sensory membrane besomes less excited. After pressure is remove the receptor (generator) potential is high enough to start another action potential. Called a phasic receptor. |
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Term
| Do we want pain receptors to adapt slow or fast? |
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Definition
| We want them to adapt slowly so we will feel the pain and remove ourselves from the cause. |
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Term
| Frequency code of Stimulus Intensity |
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Definition
| The stronger the pressure, the more frequent the Action Potentials will fire. |
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Term
| Population code for Stimulus Intensity |
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Definition
The larger the area that is stimulated, the more corpuscles are effected, leading to multiple action potentials, leading the brain to recognize a higher rate of firing of action potentials. |
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Term
| What determines the Duration of a percieved sensation? |
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Definition
The relationship between stimulus intensity and the percieved intensity. All receptors have some adaptation. The percieved intensity eventually falls below threshold and no action potential is triggered. |
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Term
| What are Receptor Fields? |
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Definition
The space within the receptive sheet in which the sensory receptor is located and in which it transduces stimuli by changing the firing rate of a sensory neuron. Excitatory: Increases firing rate Inhibitory: Decreases firing rate. Helps pin-point source. |
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Term
| What is a Two-Point threshold? |
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Definition
Part of locating sensation. The ability to perceive two nearby stimuli as distinct is quantified by determining the minimum distance between two detectable stimuli. |
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Term
| What are the somatosensory pathways? |
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Definition
Dorsal Column Anterolateral |
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Term
| What are the senses of the Dorsal Column pathway? and where do they cross over? |
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Definition
| discriminatory Touch, Vibration, Pressure, Two-Point, Proprioception(internal). post-synaptic neuron crosses over at Brain Stem |
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Term
| What are the senses of the Anterolatral pathway? and where does it cross over? |
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Definition
Pain, Temp, light Touch postsynaptic neuron crosses over in the spinal cord. |
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Term
The Somatosensory Homunculus |
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Definition
The fourth-order neurons located in the somatosensory cortical regions. Place where all the info ends up. Certain sources have bigger regions(face, lips). Some have smaller regions(head). |
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Term
| Eye (sensory mode/receptor) |
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Definition
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Term
| Ear (sensory mode/receptor) |
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Definition
-Hearing, Rotational acceleration, Linear acceleration -Hair cells |
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Term
| Olfactory mucous membrane (sensory mode/receptor) |
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Definition
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Term
| Taste buds (sensory mode/receptor) |
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Definition
Taste Taste receptor cells |
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Term
| Skin (sensory mode/receptor) |
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Definition
Touch-pressure, Warmth, Cold, Pain Nerve endings (Naked nerve endings for Pain) |
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Term
| What organ senses for joint movement and position? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle spindle (sensory mode/receptor) |
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Definition
Muscle length nerve endings |
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Term
| Golgi tendon organ (sensory mode/receptor) |
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Definition
Muscle tension nerve ending |
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