Term
| What did ARISTOTLE say about the mind? |
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Definition
The brain is the seat of the mind
structure responsible for mental functions such as memory, thoughts, language, and perceptions |
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Term
| What did Aristotle say was the seat of the mind and soul? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Galen say about the brain? |
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Definition
| "spirits” flowed through ventricles of brain |
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Term
| What did Descartes say about the pineal gland? |
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Definition
pineal gland was seat of soul
A gland at the base of the brain |
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Term
| in 1664, what did WILLIS say about the brain? |
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Definition
| beginning of modern view that the brain is responsible for mental functions |
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Term
| Nervous system: reticular theory |
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Definition
| NC consisted of a large network of fused nerve cells |
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Term
| Nervous system: neuron theory |
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Definition
| NS consisted of distinct elements or cells |
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Term
| nervous sytem: Reticular theory vs neuron theory |
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Definition
Reticular theory: NS consisted of a large network of fused nerve cells.
Neuron theory: NS consisted of distinct elements or cells. |
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Term
| What was Golgi's contribution to information about the nervous system? |
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Definition
developed method of staining specific neurons
a chemical technique that caused nerve cells to become colored so their structure becomes visible |
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Term
| in the 1920s, what did ADRIAN contribute to psychology? |
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Definition
| recordings from single neurons |
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Term
| when did the modern era of brain research begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the four sensory modalities? |
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Definition
1. vision
2. audition
3. tactile senses
4. motor senses |
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Term
| what is the RECEIVING AREA for vision? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the RECEIVING AREA for audition? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the RECEIVING AREA for tactile senses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the RECEIVING AREA for motor senses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the frontal lobe do? |
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Definition
-receiving area for motor senses
-coordinates information received from two or more senses |
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Term
| What lobe is the somatosensory cortex located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what lobe is the motor cortex located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what lobe is the auditory cortex located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lobe is the visual cortex located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do neurons do in perception? 3 things |
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Definition
1. Respond to stimuli from the environment
2. Transduce these stimuli into electrical signals
3. Communicate with other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized neurons that respond to specific kinds of energy |
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Term
| Where is a Recording electrode located? Reference electrode? |
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Definition
Recording electrode is inside the nerve fiber.
Reference electrode is outside the fiber. |
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Term
| What is the difference in charge bewtween a reference electrode and a recording electrode? |
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Definition
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Term
| define resting potential. what is the charge? |
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Definition
-70mV
Difference between reference electrode and recording electrode |
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Term
| Resting potential: negative or positive charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| As the nerve impulse passes the electrode, the inside of the fiber near the electrode becomes more _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Rising phase of action potential |
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Definition
| As the nerve impulse passes the electrode, the inside of the fiber near the electrode becomes more positive |
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Term
| the falling phase of the action potential. |
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Definition
| the nerve impulse moves past the electrode, the charge inside the fiber becomes more negative. |
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Term
| Electrical signals in neurons are created by and conducted through _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What liquid is outside the axon? What is the charge of this liquid? |
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Definition
| Sodium ions (Na+) - positive charge |
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Term
| What liquid is inside the axon? What is the charge of this lquid? |
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Definition
| Potassium ions (K+) - positive charge |
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Term
| Name the four chemicals involved in action potential.. What are their charges? |
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Definition
1. Outside the axon: Sodium ions (Na+) - positive charge
2. Inside the axon: Potassium ions (K+) - positive charge
3. Chlorine ions (Cl-)
4. Proteins charged negatively (A-) |
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Term
| ACTION POTENTIAL: When is the neuron polarized (what stage?) |
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Definition
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Term
| ACTION POTENTIAL: When is the neuron DEPOLARIZED? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ratio of potassium to sodium during resting potential?? |
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Definition
2 Potassium in
3 sodium out |
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Term
| What happens during depolorization? |
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Definition
When an area on the resting neuron is adequately stimulated, the sodium channels open to allow sodium ions (Na+) to enter it
Potassium channels are CLOSED |
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Term
| During DEPOLOARIZATION, what channels are open? closed? |
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Definition
OPEN - sodium
CLOSED - potassium |
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Term
| What happens during repolarization? |
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Definition
| The sodium channels close and the potassium gates open to allow potassium ions (K+) to flow out. |
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Term
| During repolarization, what channels are open? closed? |
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Definition
open - potassium
closed - sodium |
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Term
| Selective permeability of the membrane: BEFORE action potential |
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Definition
| membrane's permeability to potassium and sodium = low |
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Term
| Selective permeability of the membrane: RISING PHASE |
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Definition
| membrane selectively permeable to sodium |
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Term
| Selective permeability of the membrane: FALLING PHASE of action potential |
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Definition
| selectively permeable to potassium |
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Term
| Action potential: what is responsible for restoring the polarities? |
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Definition
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Term
| List 3 properties of action potentials |
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Definition
1. remain same size regardless of stimuli
2. Refractory period
3. Spontaneous activity |
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Term
| Properties of action potential: Size |
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Definition
remain the same size regardless of stimuli intensity
stimuli intensity only affects rate of firing (speed), amplitude is always the same |
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Term
| Properties of action potential: Refractory period |
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Definition
interval between time one nerve impulse occurs and next one can be generated in the axon
1mS long: firing rate = 500-800 impulses per second; cannot be exceeded |
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Term
| What is the maximum firing rate possible for a nerve impulse? |
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Definition
| 500-800 impulses per second |
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Term
| Properties of action potential: spontaneous activity |
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Definition
occur without stimulation
action potential always fires |
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Term
| What happens when action potential reaches the end of an axon? |
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Definition
causes release of neurotransmitters
(synaptic transmission) |
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Term
| neurotransmitters are released by ___? |
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Definition
| presynaptic neuron; from vesicles |
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Term
| neurotransmitters are RECEIVED by _______. where though? |
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Definition
| postsynaptic neuron; receptor sites |
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Term
| excitatory vs inhibitatory neurons... |
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Definition
1. excitatory causes depolarization; neuron becomes more positive; increase action potential likelihood
2. inhibitory: causes hyperpolarization; neuron becomes negative; decreases likelihood of action potential |
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Term
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Definition
cause depolarization
Neuron becomes more positive
Increases the likelihood of an action potential |
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Term
| inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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Definition
cause hyperpolarization
Neuron becomes more negative
Decreases the likelihood of an action potential |
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Term
| what are the two kinds of neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| inhibitory and excitatory |
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Term
| Figuring out if a neuron will fire - turn it into a math equation! |
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Definition
| (all of the excitatory added up) - (all of the inhibitory added up) |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of neurons connected by excitatory and inhibitory synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of receptors that affects firing rate of a given neuron in the circuit |
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Term
| Retina photoreceptors as an example of receptive fields.. |
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Definition
Field: area around neuron that makes it fire
larger receptor field = lower perception acuity; smaller field is better! |
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Term
| study: how was receptive field discovered? |
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Definition
electrode inserted into nerve fiber of nerve
stimulated three different spots
discovered center and surround areas of the receptive field (excitatory center and inhibitory surround) |
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Term
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Definition
| specific neurons responding to specific stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
representation of perceived objects thru neural firing
ex: neuron one fires to bill's face, neuron 2 to mary, neuron 3 to lou |
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Term
| grandmother cells hypothesis is an example of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| grandmother cells hypothesis |
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Definition
| disproven because too many stimuli in the environment to assign specific neurons to. most neurons respond to a number of different stimuli |
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Term
| list: three types of sensory coding |
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Definition
1. specific coding
2. distributed coding
3. sparse coding |
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Term
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Definition
pattern of firing across many neurons codes specific objects
Large number of stimuli can be coded by a few neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
only a relatively small number of neurons are necessary
This theory can be viewed as a midpoint between specificity and distributed coding |
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Term
| Neural correlate of consciousness (NCC) is the ___ problem of consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the Neural correlate of consciousness (NCC) - ? |
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Definition
| how physiological responses correlate with experience |
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Term
| what is the HARD problem of consciousness? |
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Definition
| how do physiological responses cause experience? |
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Term
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Definition
are critical for blood brain barrier
contribute to neurogenesis |
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Term
| white matter vs grey matter |
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Definition
white matter: nerve fibers with their myelin sheaths.
grey matter:consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites. |
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Term
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Definition
| separates back from front |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. coronal
2. horizontal
3. saggital |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
unilateral: one side of brain
bilateral: both |
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Term
| 4 stages of the perceptual process |
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Definition
1. stimulus
2. electricity
3. experience & action
4. knowledge |
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Term
| The perceptual process: 3 types of stimuli |
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Definition
1. extended
2. attended
3. stimulus on receptors |
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Term
| Perceptual process: transduction |
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Definition
| conversion of electrostimuli |
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Term
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Definition
distance between sensory input and stimulus
sensation of object, with contact with senses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The conversion of distal to proximal stimuli is.... |
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Definition
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Term
| define: environmental stimulus (distal stimulus) |
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Definition
| all the objects in the environment that you can potentially perceive. |
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Term
| define: attended stimulus |
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Definition
| making the object the center of attention. Changes from moment to moment: shift attention from place to place |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when signals from the receptors travel from one neuron to another |
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Term
| The perceptual process: 3 processes of electricity |
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Definition
1. transduction
2. transmission
3. processing |
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Term
| Perception, recognition, & action |
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Definition
Perception: conscious experience.
Recognition: object is placed in a category giving it meaning.
Action: occurs when the perceiver initiates motor activity in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
inability to recognize objects
can describe object, but cannot name it |
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Term
| Bottom-up processing vs top-down |
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Definition
bottom-up: based on incoming stimulus from environment. data based
top-down: based on perceivers previous knowledge. knowledge based processing |
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Term
| list: two approaches to perception |
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Definition
1. psychophysical approach
2. physiological approach |
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Term
| Phenomenological appraoch |
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Definition
ask participant how they feel
indicating characteristics of stimulus (description phase)
recognition phase (placing stimulus in a category by identifying it) |
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Term
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Definition
| - the stimulus-perception relationship |
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Term
| 2 steps of phenomonological method |
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Definition
1. Description: describe stim
2. recognition: categorize stim |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between pysical properties of stimulus and perceptual responses to these stimuli |
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Term
| what are the two QUALITATIVE methods of psychophysics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three quantitative methods of psychophysics? |
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Definition
detecting
perceiving magnitude
searching |
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Term
| Psychopysics methods: detecting |
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Definition
| become aware of barely detectable aspect ofa stimulus |
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Term
| Psychopysics methods: perceiving magnitude |
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Definition
| being aware of size or intensity of a stimulus |
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Term
| Psychophysics methods: searching |
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Definition
| look for specific stimulus, among number of other stimulus |
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Term
| List: 3 Fechner's methods of psychophysics |
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Definition
1. methods of limits/staircase
2. methods of adjustment
3. methods of constant stimulus |
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Term
| Fechner's methods are used for what? |
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Definition
| to determine absolute and difference thresholds |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 stimulus. how bright is light? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Stimulus intensity is adjusted continuously until observer can just barely detects it
The just barely audible intensity is taken as the absolute threshold.
Repeated trials averaged for threshold |
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Term
| Method of constant stimulus |
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Definition
Threshold is the intensity that results in detection in 50% of trials.
Five to nine stimuli of different intensities are presented in random order
Multiple trials are presented |
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Term
| Method of limits/ Staircase method |
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Definition
Stimuli of different intensities presented in ascending and descending order
Observer responds to whether she perceived the stimulus
Cross-over point is the threshold
start at 100, lower to 98. can they detect it? keep going. |
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Term
| Just noticeable difference |
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Definition
| smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 1/2 time |
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Term
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Definition
constant
does not change
comparison stim |
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Term
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Definition
if given 100 grams, can detect 2 DL
given 200 grams, can detect 4 DL
DL=KS (Difference that can be detected = Value of standard stimuli TIMES constant |
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Term
| Magnitude estimation (scaling) |
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Definition
stimulus are above threshold
if doible intensity of a light, it does not look twice as bright. |
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Term
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Definition
| as intensity increases, perceived magnitude increases more slowly than intensity |
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Term
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Definition
intensity increases, magnitude increases more quickly
ex: electroshocks and pain |
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Term
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Definition
transforms the charactertistics of sensory modality into stimuli of another modality
how humans learn new perceptual modality |
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Term
| Tactile vision substitute system |
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Definition
image from object taken with a camera
image converted to black and white
transmitted on skin thru a matrix of 4,000 stimulators placed on back, abdomen, forehead
"feel " the images |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| capture light and focus on receptors at back of eye |
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Term
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Definition
80% of focusing
protect eye and focus |
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Term
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Definition
20% of focusing, changes shape
accommodation to focus, muscles are tightened to thciken lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles in eye are tightened to thicken lenses and increase focus |
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Term
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Definition
| lens can no longer adjust for close objects |
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Term
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Definition
"old eye"
distance of near point increases due to hardening of lens and weaking of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
near sightedness
inabiliy to see distant
image focused in front of retina, caused by cornea of lens that bends too much light |
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Term
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Definition
far sightedness
cant see images nearby
focus point is behind the retina
eyeball is too short! |
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Term
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Definition
| back of eye and converts light waves into neural signals |
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Term
| 2 kinds of photoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
| rods operate better in.... |
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Definition
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Term
| CONES operate better in.... |
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Definition
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Term
| when light enters the eye it must pass thru... |
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Definition
bipolar cells (not sensitive to light)
ganglion cells (optic nerve) |
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Term
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Definition
| small region of density packed cones at center of retina (highest area of acuity) |
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Term
| transduction in eyesight occurs when... |
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Definition
| light reaches the photoreceptors |
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Term
| cones have outer segments made of |
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Definition
| DISKS (contain visual pigment molecule_ which has opsin (large protein strand) and retinal (light sensitive molecule) |
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Term
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Definition
located in disks of cones
contains opsin and retinal |
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Term
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Definition
| large protein strand located in visual pigment molecule (in cones) |
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Term
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Definition
| light sensitive molecules located in visual pigment moledule (located in cone) |
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Term
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Definition
| when retinal changes shape when light hits it (generated electricity and releases neurotransmitters) |
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Term
| visual transduction occurs when |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
triggers isomerization
biological reaction
enzymes facilitate chemical reactions
one reaction triggers more molecules in increasing numbers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where is the blindspot located |
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Definition
where the optic nerve leaves the fovea
only ganglion cells, no rods and cones |
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Term
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Definition
cones are destroyed
common in old people |
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Term
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Definition
genetic
rods destroyed; can lead to blindness |
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Term
| stages of dark adaptation |
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Definition
1. rapid stage (cones adapt)
2. slow stage (rods adapt) |
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Term
| what wavelengths are rods more sensitive to? cones? |
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Definition
rods = short (500)
cones = middle (560 |
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Term
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Definition
difference betrween spectral sensitivity
rods ar ebest at 500
cones ar ebest at 560 |
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Term
| rods and cones send information vertically thru which parts? |
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Definition
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
optic nerve |
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Term
| in retina...how many rods? how many cones? |
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Definition
120 million rods
30 million cones |
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Term
| cones in fovea have what ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| why are rods more sensitive to light than cones? |
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Definition
because takes less light to respond
cones do not respond in dark, need light. rods need very little |
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Term
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Definition
see grey circles between rows of squares
explained by lateral inhibition
"ghost images" at intersection of squares |
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