Term
| . Describe J.J. Gibson’s ecological approach to the study of perception. |
|
Definition
In notes: function for sensation and perception. Terms how it works. Focused on how perception aid us everyday (originally studied airplanes)
In book: Gibson proposed that pilots obtain information by their own movement. He proposed more experimentation on moving while looking at objects instead of being stationary. |
|
|
Term
| . What is gradient of flow? What is FOE? |
|
Definition
Differences between slow part and faster part or difference in blur is .....
spot that shows no motion (focus of expanison) |
|
|
Term
| self-produced information and invariant information |
|
Definition
Self-produced: circular relationship of info between motion and optic flow.
(motion to optic flow to feedback) example of this is gymnastics and leaving your eyes open |
|
|
Term
| Invariant information (optic flow) |
|
Definition
| there are properties of optic flow that remains constant as observer moves through environment. Example: Texture gradient; or another example close stuff are more detailed and far things are less detailed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blur in .... means are moving faster. center where there is focus is slow.
edges of scene are slow |
|
|
Term
| What is affordance learning? |
|
Definition
Necessary for object recognition for object recognition
we do not identify an object and object not based on what it is
we base an object based on what it does. |
|
|
Term
| How is optic flow used to navigate? |
|
Definition
1.Optic flow neurons exist
2. Foe works when traveling straight lines and not curved.
Foe not used so much when people walk visual direction strategy point body in direct they are in
people can still navigate in dim light (no foe) or when eyes closed (no foe).
decision point landmark: gives info on what you should do next
non-decision: is along route, but it does not hold necessarily info. |
|
|
Term
| What are two pieces of evidence that suggest that optic flow is used to balance? |
|
Definition
The activity with standing and balancing on one foot
Aronson and lee swinging room.
room walls could move floor is stationary
walls move back, kids lean forward. Walls move forward would recorrect and lean forward. |
|
|
Term
| Skilled action – know about gymnasts and catching a baseball (use text to help you |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a decision point landmark and a non decision point landmark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mirror neurons? What is a possible function of mirror neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
object moves across viewers field of vision and actually is moving.
Example: a dog running |
|
|
Term
| apparent motion: object that is completely still are presented consecutively to l |
|
Definition
object that is completely still are presented consecutively to look like motion motion
Example: picture book or old movies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when one object is moving but we perceive is as different object moving
Example: car backing up beside you, while sitting in car makes you feel like your going forward. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if you look at at motion for one thing at a time for a long period of time, when you look at something else it appears to be going in the opposite direction.
Example: waterfall after effect, staring at a waterfall going downwards, looking at stationary things in the enviroment will seem to appear upwards. |
|
|
Term
| Why do people/animals have motion perception? |
|
Definition
1. Survival/ predator/ prey
2. attracting attention, attentional capture
3. object perception: if object moves it is easier to identify it as well its easier to have an object move in 3-d space. |
|
|
Term
| What is the “moving observer” problem? |
|
Definition
1: you move but environment does not move around you, so no movement
2. object moves and you follow it with your eyes.
3. you are still object moves
4. you move and object moves
#3: does but #1 does not
#2 is moving in retina but not yourself. |
|
|
Term
| Define and draw frequency. |
|
Definition
| how often pressure changes and repeats in a wave. Long waves; low frequency- short waves; high frequency |
|
|
Term
| How do humans compare to other animals in terms of what frequencies we can hear? |
|
Definition
Humans can hear between 2,000-4,000 hertz of sound.
Elephants can hear below 20
Dogs can go to 40,000
Cats: above 50,000
Dolphins: above 150,000 |
|
|
Term
Find a picture of the ear online and be able to label it :
- structures of the outer ear
- structures of the middle ear
- structures of the inner ear |
|
Definition
[image]
outer: pinna, ear canal, ear drum: tempanic membrane you can touch with a q-tip
take air pressure waves and funnel them
Middle EAr: 3 little bones ossicles: Hammer, Anvile, and Stirrup
Inner Ear: cochlea the sound receptors only. |
|
|
Term
| Why do we need the ossicles? |
|
Definition
| The purpose of the bones are to get sound vibrations through the fluid filled middle ear. |
|
|
Term
What part of the ear is similar to the retina?
7. What part of the ear contains the receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Be able to identify parts of the Organ of Corti. |
|
Definition
[image]
Tectorial membrane on top
Basiliar membrane on bottom
Have cilia that touch tectorial membrane. As membrane is waved puts down on cilia as well as release when sound waves dont go which is transduction. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Bekesy’s Place Theory of Hearing. **** |
|
Definition
Theory based on that frequency of a sound is indicated by the place along the cochlea aat which nerve firing is highest. Thus each place of the basiliar membrane is tuned to respond best to a different frequency
|
|
|
Term
| Discuss how hearing loss occurs. |
|
Definition
| presbycusus- damage to cilia in which they cannot send messages to the ol..... sense organ. |
|
|
Term
| When do infants hear as well as adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe two studies of preferential sucking to sounds in infants. |
|
Definition
| babies choose familiar voice over strangers. Mom read cat in the hat before and after birth. To start tape recording baby had to suck on a bottle of water. The baby sucked more water with the tape recording. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a monaural cue and a binaural cue? |
|
Definition
monaural: use of one ear
Binaural: use of two ears |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe two binaural cues. |
|
Definition
Interaural time difference: when sound reaches the right ear over the left ear
Interaural level difference: loudness; sound is going to be louder in the ear that it is closer to sound. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by a spectral cue? |
|
Definition
| It is a monaural cue in which the way the sound bounces off of pinna gives characteristics to all sounds, and this allows us to learn different sounds. |
|
|
Term
| Be able to trace neural signals from the ear to the brain |
|
Definition
Pathway to brain:
SONICMG
receptors in the cochlea, then superiory olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus, last step temporal lobe (auditory cortex) |
|
|
Term
| Identify the function of the what stream and the where stream in hearing |
|
Definition
1. is the ventral stream and it goes from temporal lobe to prefrontal cortex (front)
2. Dorsal stream from temporal lobe to back of prefrontal cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perserve place in on the cochlea that vibrates in the brain; small holes or certain places for sounds. |
|
|
Term
| How does experience affect hearing? |
|
Definition
Experience with particular sounds provide more space for common sounds more frequently.
Having lots of auditory experience; more space, more activities that has space. |
|
|
