Term
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Definition
| visual, auditory, cutaneous, gustatory, olfactory |
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Term
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Definition
| converting info into electrical signals, then interpreting these signals (percept) |
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| Steps of Sensory Perception |
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Definition
| reception (of stimulus), transduction, coding/processing |
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Definition
-stimulus and perception (response) of SUBJECT
-non-invasive, human/animal, brain not cells |
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Definition
-stimulus and response of CELL
-invasive, animal only, cells not brain |
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| Psychophysical AND Physiological |
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Definition
-stimulus and response of subject & cells
-non-invasive, human/animal, brain & cells |
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Definition
-based on incoming data (light of moth)
-no data = no percept |
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Definition
| processing based on existing knowledge (recognition of moth) |
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Term
| Methods of Measuring Perception (6) |
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Definition
| description, recognition, magnitude estimation, matching, searching, and detection |
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Definition
| the smallest amount of stimulus energy that can be detected (i.e., lowest volume that can be heard) |
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| Relative (Difference) Threshold |
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Definition
| smallest amount between two stimuli that a person can detect (difference limen) |
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Definition
-stimuli increase/decrease in intensity
-average of crossover values taken |
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Definition
-strength of stimulus adjusted to where it can just be detected
-stimuli presented at random starting values
-fastest, but least accurate |
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| Method of constant stimuli |
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Definition
-different levels of intensity (5-9) presented in random order
-percentage of stimuli detected assessed
-most accurate, but takes longest |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A response (e.g., nerve impulse) that travels all the way down the nerve fiber without decreasing in amplitude |
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Definition
| Nerve firing that occurs in the absence of environmental stimulation; baseline rate of activity (allows for excitation and inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| When the inside of a neuron becomes more negative; often association w/ the action of inhibitory neurotransmitters (NT) |
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Definition
| When the inside of a neuron becomes more positive; often association w/ the action of excitatory NTs |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer 2mm thick layer of gray matter, largely consisting of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific areas of the brain are response for specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuum of radiating energy in the form of waves; energy characterized by wavelength |
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Definition
-Visual receiving area of cerebral cortex
-Also known as V1 or striate cortex |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
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Definition
| Nucleus in the thalamus that receives inputs from the optic nerve and sends fibers to the primary visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
-Transparent, major focusing element of
the eye
-First structure thru which light passes as it enters the eye; fixed, unlike lens |
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Term
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Definition
-Transparent focusing element thru which light passes after passing thru cornea
-Involved in accommodation (focusing) |
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Definition
| Bringing objects located at different distances into focus by changing the shape of the lens |
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Definition
-The distance at which the lens can no longer accommodate enough to bring close objects into focus
-Near point increases with age (presbyopia) |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors in the retina primarily responsible for vision at low levels of illumination, tho' cannot resolve fine details |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors in the retina primarily response for vision at high levels of illumination, as well as color and detail vision |
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Definition
-Small area in the human retina containing only CONE receptors
-Center and focal point of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex network of cells and receptors covering the back of the eye |
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Definition
| Small area where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye; no visual receptors found in this area |
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Definition
| Bundle of nerve fibers carrying impulses from the retina to the LGN and other structures |
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Definition
| Area in the brain involved in controlling eye movements and other visual behaviors; receives about 10% of ganglion cell fibers leaving the eye |
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Definition
| Light-sensitive molecules found in the outer segments of rods and cones; involved in the generation of electrical responses in the receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of light into electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| The protein part of the visual pigment molecule, to which the light-sensitive retinal molecule is attached |
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Term
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Definition
| The light-sensitive part of the visual pigment molecule that attaches to the opsin to form the visual pigment |
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Term
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Definition
-120:5 million in favor of rods
-All cones, no rods in fovea; predominately rods, fewer cones in periphery |
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Term
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Definition
-Sensitivity changes in the dark depend on pigment regeneration
-Cones: 6 min, rods: 30 min (explains dark-adaptation curve) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitivity of visual receptors to different parts of the visible spectrum (i.e., different color wavelengths) |
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Term
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Definition
| Shift in sensitivity to bluish light (from cones to rods) during dark adaptation |
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Definition
-When many neurons synapse onto a single neuron
-126 million photoreceptors --> 1 million ganglion cells |
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Term
| Convergence ratio (rods/cones) |
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Definition
-120 rods, 6 cones for each ganglion cell
-Results in better rod sensitivity and visual acuity of cones |
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Term
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Definition
| Rod/cone receptors, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
-Believed to be subserved by horizontal and amacrine cells; useful for determining contrast
-More light causes more lateral inhibition (Hermann grid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Area in visual space (or on the retina) that influences the firing of the cell |
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Term
| Center surround receptive fields |
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Definition
1) Excitatory-center, inhibitory-surround (ON-center)
2) Inhibitory center, excitatory-surround (Off-center) |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect that occurs when surrounding one color with another changes the appearance of the surround color |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas in the cortex outside of the primary visual receiving area in the striate cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron in the visual cortex that responds best to bars of a particular (i.e., vertical) orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| Responds best to movement of a correctly oriented bar across the receptive field; many respond best to a particular direction of movement |
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Term
| Hypercomplex (or end-stopped) cell |
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Definition
| Responds to edges, angles, or bars of a particular length moving in a particular direction/size |
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Term
| Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral |
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Definition
-Same-side eye projects to layers 2, 3, 5
-Opposite-side eye projects to layers 1, 4, 6 |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner two layers of LGN; detects movement, flickering; larger cell bodies/moving objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer four layers of LGN; detects color, patter, fine texture; smaller cell bodies, sustained objects, color |
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Term
| Cortical magnification factor |
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Definition
| Fovea account for only 0.01% of retinal area, yet is represented by 8-10% of the cortical map's area in the visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts signals from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe. WHAT pathway b/c it is involved in recognizing objects (form, color, texture, etc.). Signals from parvo LGN. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducts signals from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe. WHERE/HOW pathway b/c it is involved in movement and position. Signals from magno LGN. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize familiar faces due to damage to the FFA |
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Term
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Definition
| Area in inferotemporal (IT) cortex containing neurons specialized to respond to faces, complex shapes, etc. |
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Term
| Medial-temporal (MT) cortex |
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Definition
| Sensitive to movement, but not color; modulates dorsal (parietal) pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Responds best to color/brightness, not motion; modulates ventral (temporal) pathway |
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Term
| Parahippocampal place area (PPA) |
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Definition
| Region of limbic cortex on MT lobe; responds best to spatial layout (particular places/scenes) |
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Term
| Extrastriate body area (EBA) |
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Definition
| Located in the occipitotemporal cortex; responds best to pictures of full bodies and body parts |
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Term
| Specificity vs. distributed coding |
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Definition
| Grandmother cell vs. number of neurons |
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