Term
| Form of features- Attributes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All or none, present or absent. 1,0. On or off |
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Term
| Hermann Grid relevance to contour |
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Definition
| Interactions between neurons at retina. The neurons interacting at the retina end up creating the contour. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of retinal image where there is a sudden change in light intensity. (light to dark immediately). Defines for us the edge of the object. The edge of the object is defined by having these. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shadows falling on things are not seen as an attribute of the object it is falling on. |
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Term
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Definition
| any display where you have changes in brightness but they are all gradual. You have no contours, so you have no object perception. It’s almost feeling like you’re blind. |
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Term
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Definition
| You attend to figures that are important, the rest are just background stuff. |
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Term
| Figures (relative to backgrounds) tend to have.. |
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Definition
| Shape, be richer/more meaningful, reflect greater contrast, and be processed in more detail. |
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Term
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Definition
| such as patterns of light that falls on the object. |
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Term
| Subjective or illusory contours |
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Definition
| We perceive there being edges when there is not evident contrast telling us what that is. (Pacman wedge shape over triangle). |
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Term
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Definition
| A whole, or entirety of something. When we go about perceiving objects, we might have a whole bunch of things, but when we put them together into something whole form, magic happens where we perceive an entirety, a whole object. |
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Term
| List 6 Gestalt Principles |
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Definition
| Proximity (Nearness), Similarity, Good continuation, Closure, Common Fate, Pragnanz |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearness. The degree to which things are near, we are more likely to group them together as the same object. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree that things are the same, we are more likely to treat them as the same object. If things share something similar, they get grouped together. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which things travel or are along the same trajectory, they are more likely to be grouped together. |
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Term
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Definition
| We have the tendency to complete forms. We want to perceive whole objects. So even when we are given incomplete objects, we tend to complete them. We fill in the missing information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which things move together, we are likely to treat them as the same object. |
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Term
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Definition
| You tend to perceive good figures, or good forms. All of the characteristics we like, such as symmetry, we perceive because we like them. We perceive a sloppily drawn circle as a circle even though it is not a good example of what we are trying to predict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects in the way of other objects is a good way for closure to work. Something is in the way, it’s blocking. You do need some information about what is being blocked or you can’t fill in the blank. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schema plays a role in this. (Pacman eating a triangle). |
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Term
| Gestalt principles fell into disfavor because... |
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Definition
| Post-hoc account (description v. explanation/ “process theory”) theorists developed these theories post-hoc. They based their findings on information they got rather than theories that predict. Researchers came up with ideas about what participants were doing. Only captures the flavor of what they reported. Then people of the community basically abandoned the principle and moved on. Did not use principles to predict outcomes when principles in competition |
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Term
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Definition
| Textons- See if people can identify where or if there is a texture change. A kind of pop out effect, you either see the boundary or you don’t. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to describe what an object is. Shape, size, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| things that start out as combinations of features that take on the property of a feature. It might lead to pop out for objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| You are hunting for a particular visual characteristic, or a combination of characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| You hunt for those objects as quickly as you can and come to a decision. One could be a color. |
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Term
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Definition
| You hunt for those objects as quickly as you can and come to a decision. Searches could be color and shape together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stuff leaps out at you when it is different from the background. |
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Term
| Data-driven theory of object recognition |
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Definition
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Term
| Conceptually driven theory of object recognition |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| What’s around at the time influences your perception. It influences our ability to quickly identify things in the right context. (seeing a B v. a 13) |
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Term
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Definition
| In memory we have a representation that completely matches the stimulus. It is an exact copy of the stimulus presented to you. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we go about recognizing objects, what we are storing is information about the individual aspects about the object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual letter recognition. Where you dismiss some letters for not having specific characteristics but recognition for some letters fire, but the biggest fire is for letter that matches all properties. |
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Term
| Recognition by Components Model |
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Definition
| We might perceive the world on simple geometric shapes. The features we are processing are all simple geometric forms, things that have symmetry. |
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Term
| Stages of Biederman's Geons from recognition by components model |
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Definition
1. Segment objects into "subobjects"/geons by contour.
2. Classify categories of geons
3. Combine geons to recognize pattern/object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whether object is old or new, different, etc and measure how fast people were at this task. |
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Term
| Features of Recognition by Components Model |
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Definition
| Limitless combinations, Nonaccidental properties and invariance, and evidence of repetition priming |
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Term
| 3 levels of Computation approach (Marr) |
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Definition
| Computational theory, algorithms, implementation |
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Term
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Definition
| Essentially a description of how we go about doing something. |
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Term
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Definition
| The truly computational part (usually a computer program or mathematical formula) |
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Term
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Definition
| How does this exist in physiology? |
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Term
| Components of Computational Theory |
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Definition
| Primal sketch, 2 ½ -D sketch, and 3-D model representation |
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Term
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Definition
| We extract away the edges of the object and get the form of the object. We do this through contour. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depth information hasn't been integrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Puts Primal sketch and 2 ½ -D sketch together |
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Term
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Definition
| Derive location of intensity changes |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounted for by a shape rotated about a major axis. Acquired from contours |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary sensation, and not just from image changes on retina |
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Term
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Definition
| defines the edges of particular things. |
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Term
| How one knows perceived motion is more than just a change in the retinal image |
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Definition
| Speed and direction of objects in environment, track an object, separate figure from ground, object shape, provide cues to identify object (simply by having motion be present). |
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Term
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Definition
| Orientation in space-time. Have to know object traveled through intermediate space, and it took some time to do it. |
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Term
| Places for motion sensitive neurons |
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Definition
| The parietal cortex, and medial temporal and medial superior temporal areas (V5), global motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| It’s one direction or the opposing direction (right or left, up or down) |
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Term
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Definition
| Global Motion- The motion of entire objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Spatial Pooling & Temporal integration |
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Term
| Double opponency and Relative motion |
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Definition
| It’s in relation to stuff around it or in relation to where it was before. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comparator cell. Compare outputs from one cell to the other. It has to have input from both cells at the same time to get it to fire. If it does, it fires and perceives motion. The cells don’t get the info at the same time, so one cell needs a delay. It could be a cell, or a long axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| only gets info from rods. We can still see colored information as motion because of changes in luminance that create contrast changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| means change in light, so we look at contrast throughout motion. The things allowed to change are colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Involves two dots, where on frame or picture presented at one point in time as a dot. Then we switch to a dot on the other side of the screen. If we flip quickly, the dot appears to move back and forth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time between stimuli. Frame duration can affect the perception of two objects as the same or different. |
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Term
| Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) |
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Definition
| Time from onset of one stimulus to the next |
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Term
| Which is the timing parameter that affects whether you get apparent motion or not? |
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Definition
| Stimulus onset asynchrony |
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Term
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Definition
| short SOA, continuous movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation between images is much longer. Sometimes you can still get apparent motion. Depends in part about some sort of cognition telling us that these things belong together. |
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Term
| Motion Correspondence Problem |
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Definition
| If we are perceiving motion from a bunch of dots of light and we know our visual cortex is responding, we must know that time A location A is the same dot of light as time B location B. Which information across time belongs together? Simplicity becomes the most important thing for classifying. |
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Term
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Definition
| How fragments of visual image is processed. Based on the little location we are getting light through, we come up with something to do with the direction of movement of things.(Barber shop pole) |
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Term
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Definition
| We perceive motion of things when in fact it is not moving. We perceive motion when other things around might be moving, but really our target is not moving. |
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Term
Perception of Structure from motion.
Figure-ground |
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Definition
| Random Dot Kinematogram (RDK) – Background of dots with no movement, but common fate moving around, we perceive form. |
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Term
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Definition
| We can see organisms based on what kind of motion they make. Capturing the pattern of motion separately from the object. (Person of walking dots) |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on pattern of movement how we must be moving at the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| How we perceive we are moving. In the direction that we are moving at the time. Things come out at us from some point out on the horizon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spot along the horizon where everything seems to be emanating from. |
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Term
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Definition
| You can perceive yourself to be moving in cases where you’re not. Induced motion of yourself, you feel you are moving when you’re actually not. |
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Term
| Stabilized Retinal Images & Saccadic Suppression |
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Definition
| The image moves when your eye (these type of eye) movements happen. Can only happen in the lab. You don’t get as much detail, and after a minute or so, they perceive the object gradually fading from view. Sensation of going blind looking at the object. Eye movements themselves must stimulate the system to something “new.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Following something. Tracking a visual object.Very different from saccadic |
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Term
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Definition
| When we track movements, we are always a little bit behind in our estimation of where things should be based on the speed and direction of motion. |
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Term
| Position & Direction Constancy |
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Definition
| ______ in space and ______ in relationship to us is fixed despite changes in retinal image. We take into account how we move relative to the environment. We take information from the environment and it tells us how we are moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| when we look behind us, everything gets sucked into the point on the horizon line. We do not attribute that to the objects, we attribute that to ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outflow tells us we are moving in that direction (expansion of object on the horizon). |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives you a sense of balance. Monitors how we change relative to things in the environment. |
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Term
| Vestibular system includes: |
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Definition
| Bony Labyrinth (with cochlea), semicircular canals, rotary acceleration (Ampulla), and linear acceleration (Utricle and saccule) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tubes in the vestibular system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ampulla- There to detect the form of acceleration. Change of speed over time. Not just that you’re moving, but it’s different in speed than you were moving before. Circular pattern of movement. Change in speed of something that is moving in a circular pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| Utricle and Saccule- Target of other tubes. Strait line acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| contains a gelatinous like substance called cupola that contains the changer inside the Ampulla. Mounted on it are hairs, sensory cells to detect the acceleration (just like cochlea). When the motion happens, the gelatin sloshes around. Matters in balance because the sudden push or falling makes acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| - Mounted a bunch of hair like sensory cells with gelatinous substance (same as Crista). Same process, just strait line processing instead. |
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Term
| Vestibular Nuclei in Brain Stem |
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Definition
| Cerebellum and frontal lobe share in common- motor movement, telling the muscles what to do now. The planning of it takes place in the frontal lobe, the execution occurs in the cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vestibular sense information will somewhere react with visual system, limb position, movement, etc. The pattern of movement you’re getting visually reacts with vestibular system. |
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Term
| Biological function of taste and smell |
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Definition
| signal something that might be poisonous |
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Term
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Definition
| Sweet, bitter, salty, sour. (Umami?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic compounds- characterized by presence of carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| (related to sweet, but larger amounts) – Concentration differs from sweet. Molar concentration. Much bigger molar concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ions. Charged particle which is result of the fact that it dissolves. The atoms have split apart. Molecular substance made up of things that are charged. Typical NaCl- when dissolved in water they split apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| (acids, H+ ion) – Presence of hydrogen ion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yummy taste. Tied chemically to MSG. Nature of it is that it has been argued as a separate receptor. These receptors might not be located in your tongue. It might be located in the gut which tells your brain that you are getting protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi, folate, circumvalliate, filiform. (soft palate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Form on the tip of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Folds on the side back of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Set on the very back of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| On the interior. Even though there are bumps, they don’t have taste buds. Use them to scratch at the surface of the food to break up the food. All others contain taste buds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located on the roof of the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| essentially skin cells. They die fairly frequently and we replace them rapidly. When you get older you lose the ability to replace them. Older people have fewer receptors than they used to. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slim projections in the cell that contains ion channels that allows them t come in brief contact with the taste substance. Young cells are on the outside, and old on the inside. Eventually the cell breaks down and it is pulled down out the bottom. |
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Term
| Pathway: Nerves (Chorda Tympani, Vagus, Glosssopharyngeal) --> Solitary Tract (in medulla)--> Thalamus --> Somatosensory & Anterior-Insular Cortex- |
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Definition
| eventually it goes to the thalamus that is the relay station, and it may send information back into other areas, such as the somatosensory area in the parietal lobe right next to the frontal lobe. It helps you know where the food is and what we are going to do with it. |
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Term
| Ventral Posterior Nuclei of Thalamus |
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Definition
| lower down, and to the back. In the here, down and to the back. |
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Term
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Definition
| You don’t ignore any information you get from any nerve fiber. Instead of each nerve fiber giving you one thing, it’s the combination of all of the nerve fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| You have a specialized cell that is going to encode that primary you are after. There is some evidence to support that theory. The line is a nerve fiber, and each fiber is targeting a certain primary. Perception follows that, where the reaction to firing signals you are experiencing that primary. |
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Term
| Influences of taste Threshold |
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Definition
| Stimulus, methods, viscosity, temperature, other taste stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| front and top of tongue, and back and side |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Taste blindness. You just can’t respond to one or more taste qualities. |
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Term
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Definition
| You can adapt to a particular taste quality. You work the same receptors, it should dissipate. If you have some water you have difference again, about 10 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of one substance affects the other. You can detect based on another stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Your overall taste experience changes depending on the presence of another taste. |
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Term
| Poorest of senses at discriminating intensity |
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Definition
| (worse with age) – We are horrible at discriminating differences in taste. We can perceive some level of differences but it’s poor relative to other senses. |
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Term
| Smell works in conjunction with.. |
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Definition
| Works in conjunction with taste. Alcohol, very powerful. |
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Term
| Mucus with Olfactory Binding Protein (OBP) |
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Definition
| Mucus catches the molecules. It contains a protein. Snot can drag it along the Epithelium and get it in contact with receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance is the key and it is looking for the lock that matches. The lock lies within the characteristics in the receptor cell. Molecule dragged across the cilia and seeing if each is a good match. If it’s a good match it gets caught by it and does transduction after that. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary is in the temporal lobe. (It does go through thalamus too). It then goes through the limbic system which also deals with emotion processing (hence the saliency of emotions.) |
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Term
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Definition
| embedded in the outer layer, the epidermis, and the underlying layer known as the dermis. |
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Term
| What layers of the LGN are important to color coding? |
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Definition
Color in the Parvocellular (small) layers
Brightness in the Magnocellular (large) layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Blobs (color) and interblobs |
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Term
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Definition
| In the cortex. Inverse cell, red in the center, green in the surround. These cells are looking for a difference by space. Color discrimination sensitive. Discriminated between colors (red and green). Telling the difference between colors in space. |
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Term
| Opponent-Process Theory of Color uses what cells? |
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Definition
| Ganglion (P), Thalamic, & Cortical cells |
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Term
| Factors influencing color perception |
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Definition
| Intensity, duration, space, age and physical condition |
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Term
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Definition
| More yellow on one end of the spectrum of intense light, and blue at another end of the spectrum of intense light. Result of blue-yellow opponent process cells. Suspicion is blue/yellow opponent process cells are a little less sensitive. To get them to work best, you put them under intense lighting. (Intensity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Where you can fatigue response to a color through perceiving a color through a filter. When you first put on colored glasses, first few seconds are obnoxious, but if you keep them on for a while, you find that eventually everything looks fine. If you take them off, again everything looks distorted. (Duration) |
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Term
| Simultaneous color contrast |
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Definition
| Similar to simultaneous brightness contrast. Uses color instead now. Think of opponent terms. Tints the color due to lateral inhibition to the opposing color. Comes up in real life in pictures surrounded by massive frames. (space) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parkinson’s can cause color issues, diabetes, and alcoholism can be things that lead to changes in color vision. (Age and physical condition) |
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Term
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Definition
| --> egocentric localization- How far the object is from us. |
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Term
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Definition
| Object-relative localization- How far an object is from another object |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that is closer blocks out something behind it. Thankfully we can fill in the missing information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The direction of the light source will often fall across the surface of the object in a particular way. Usually it comes from above us. It results in brighter and darker areas. Things that are further away from the light are darker, and things that are close are lighter. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Biases about direction of light source- Dimple drawings, shaded dark on top appear intruding, shading dark on bottom appear protruding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns that involve the object crumpled on itself. Tells about the recesses of the object shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| A light interrupted and cast on a different surface in the way, creating a shadow behind it. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Light absorbed and scattered- Things that are far away tend to look bluish and grainy. Things that are close are clear and not tinted. It is a result of the atmosphere. Distant mountains blue and hazy, close mountains clear and actual color. If something plays around with the atmosphere, such as fog, we may misrepresent the distances. |
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Term
| Retinal (Image) size and familiar size |
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Definition
| How big someone appears to be v. how big people usually compared to other things from a distance. Familiar size- Objects have an expected size range for us. That’s what we expect the size of that object to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines that go in parallel that go off into the distance, appear to converge even though in truth, they continue to go parallel. Convergence is right on the horizon line. |
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Term
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Definition
| Horizon line where the parallel lines converge |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface we are looking at will appear different at different distances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that is rough up close appears smooth when it is further away. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Relative Height) - Thinking in terms of position relative to the horizon line. If it’s sitting close to the horizon line, the position is further away. If it is further from the horizon line, it is closer to us. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lens changes shape as a function of distance. The ciliary muscles press in on the side of the lens. The fact that muscles are involved means that you could get some type of feedback from those muscles. That contraction should give us some level of feedback. Your muscles strain. The amount of feedback that could actually be registered and useful doesn’t happen until that object gets really close. Only works at really close distance. |
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Term
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Definition
| wherever you’re fixating out in space, objects that are closer to you than the fixation point are going to appear to move one direction, and things that are beyond the object you’re focusing on tend to move in the opposite direction. This is all while you are in constant motion. Things that are close to you move quickly across your retinal image. If you are moving <--, then objects close to you seem to move --> . Objects far away seem to move with you. Trees in the distance v. bushes right next to you. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depth from movement. Getting information about relative depth or distance objects simply from rotating that object around an axis. Learning about an object by movement rather than static. Woman’s face moving. Getting depth the rotation of an object around an axis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Your two retinal images are not identical. Even if the object is motionless at a center area, but location on the retina is slightly different in the left and right eye. The eyes can’t be physically in the same place. |
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Term
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Definition
| : Beyond the area of fusion (either further away or closer to us). We get a slight fuzzing of the distance, and then eventually it splits apart in to two separate images. |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion. Within a certain range around that Horopter spot, you will still get pretty good perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| Place of convergence. The place where we can pick a spot of fixation and we can draw a hypothetical plane of achieving perfect conversion of the eyes (it) Plane of perfect convergence. As long as they can do that, you don’t have a problem with disparity. There is no magical distance of it. It is curved. Anything along that plane is of perfect convergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where your eyes cross, really close to us |
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Term
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Definition
| At great distances, eyes don’t turn at all. The result is a region of this |
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Term
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Definition
| Put something between your eyes when you look at two images, you end up with a 3D image. Now known as a viewmaster/viewfinder. Children’s 3D image clicker thing that has a disk of images in it. We cannot attribute it to binocular cues; it is using one eye each. |
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Term
| Random-Dot Stereograms (Julesz) |
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Definition
| You see things rise out of a seemingly random disbursement of dots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where do you displace it? If you have some square of random dots on the left image, where do you move it to the right eye field of vision to have maximal 3D effect? Our own genetic makeup makes that happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trial of a perceived cliff to a young baby which they happily cross. Then later as they have seen more and had more experience, they don’t want to cross what they perceive as a cliff. |
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Term
| Body Centric v. Head Centric Direction |
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Definition
| The head is free to move independently. If I look at something to the right, but my head is turned towards it, then I’m referring to my body position. |
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Term
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Definition
| We refer to things right in the middle of our eyes, as if we only have one eye right in the center. |
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Term
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Definition
| You have a dominant eye. Some are almost equivalent, others are very different. |
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Term
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Definition
| Being able to have certain properties of the object remain constant even thought the viewing (proximal) stimulus conditions have changed in some way. |
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Term
| Phases of Perceptual constancy |
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Definition
| Registration of information-focal stimulus and context (Sensation.) Apprehension- get subjective experience with these things (perception). |
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Term
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| Perceived size is fixed despite changes in the retinal image. (Ex: distance). |
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| Adjusting the perceived size as a function of the perceived distance |
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| The process of where if we’ve removed all of our depth cues, we perceive suddenly, that all objects are smaller than they are. We underestimate their size. |
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| Direct Perception/Ecological |
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| Some things around it don’t change. Invariance causes perception. Relationships between texture and background between object and other things stay the same. |
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| Cues we get from experience are... |
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| Arrows on end of line, up or down, make the line look shorter and longer. Why does this happen? Some type of adjustment to real world objects, such as Interior and exterior corners. |
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| Railroad tracks, lines on it. The further away, top one looks bigger, but it’s not. The lower one should take up more of our retinal image because it’s closer, but it doesn’t. Linear perspective cue. |
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| Why does the moon appear bigger? The moon should appear biggest at the horizon line. |
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| We perceive things to be the same shape despite shape of the retinal image. |
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| Boxes appear to be going different directions. Linear perspective cues are what make them appear to be facing different ways. |
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| Objective v. Projective Instructions |
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| Manipulating how we instruct people to do this task changes their answer. |
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| Whiteness. How white something is will stay the same despite changes in the retinal image. It would perceive to change based on how much light is thrown onto the surface. |
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| (Direct/Computational Theory) - Ratio wise, the object will stay the same compared to other objects around it regardless of light falling on the surfaces. |
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| Ratio principle only works in certain spots. It’s really only going to happen at the edge where the major contrast is. We have sensitive response where the light meets the dark. Ratio principle applies, but only very locally. |
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| Because we are looking for those areas of contrast. |
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| Gelb and reflectance levels |
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| How reflective something is will dictate how much brightness you perceive. A black cutout piece of paper that is flooded with light will be perceived as white. Once they then put a white sheet of paper in the flooded area too, they see the original black paper as black instead of white. This is because of the knowledge of the luminance cues. They now know there is an extra light source. |
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| The perception of color (hue) will remain the same despite changes in the retinal image. The light source changes. |
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| Principle (Direct/computational) + Cues & Knowledge (Constructive) |
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Definition
| The color of an object should remain the same despite the color of the light we are putting on it. Any color filter we put on it will subtract certain wavelengths, but compared to the other colors around it, it comparatively stays the same. Plus with knowledge of the colored light source, we know that someone is messing with it. |
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| Physiological mechanisms: Adaptation |
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| By repeatedly presenting a certain color filtered light; it will necessarily be filtered out eventually. |
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| Position of an object will remain the same despite changes in the retinal position. We have quick eye movements that change the object position on the fovea, but the object position does not appear to change. Even if our eyes move, we do not perceive the object as moving. |
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| Examples of Constancies in other Modalities |
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| Sound and smell. Constancy as a concept is good for any modality. |
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| A bony structure riddled with thiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, that separates the nose from the brain. The axons from the olfactory sensory neurons pass through the tiny holes of this to enter the brain. |
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| The inability to smell one specific compound amid otherwise normal smell perception |
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| These suggest there are many types of smell receptors |
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| Referring to the same side of the body (or brain). |
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| the temporal lobe. (It does go through thalamus too). It then goes through the limbic system which also deals with emotion processing (hence the saliency of emotions.) |
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| Types of stimuli resulting in touch sensation |
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Definition
| mechanical pressure, temperature, electrical |
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| Layers of skin and fat cells |
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Definition
| Epidermis, dermis, and subcutis |
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