Term
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Definition
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A symbol, usually an image, which recurs often enough in literature to be recognizable as an element of one's literary experience as a whole.
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Odysseus is the archetype of the individual man, the lone venturer, who against the odds makes out.
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to enable domain concepts to be modelled in a formal way by domain experts.
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Term
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Definition
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the trope of exaggeration or overstatement.
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It is going to take a bazillion years to get through medical school.
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to make a statement more dramatic so it stands out more/seems more intense
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Term
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Definition
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negative term applied to a vague or equivocal expression when precision would be more useful.
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Ghosts or other supernatural creatures in literary fiction are sometimes left as an ambiguous "reality."
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Ambiguity Allows for two or more simultaneous interpretations of a word, phrase, action, or situation, all of which can be supported by the context of a work.
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Term
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Definition
- A rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part.
- "Twenty eyes watched our every move."
- When a poet uses this part rather than the whole, it puts emphasis on that part.
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Term
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Definition
- Using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense on a deeper level.
- "Cowards die many times before their deaths" -Julius Caesar
- Arrest attention and provoke fresh thought.
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Term
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Definition
- Using opposite phrases in close conjunction.
- "Evil men fear authority; good men cherish it."
- The effect is to show the pros (thesis) and cons (antithesis) of an argument.
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Term
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Definition
- A coarse or crude satire ridiculing the appearance or character of another person.
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"Going to war without the French is like going deer hunting without your accordion." - Jed Babbin
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Making fun of the way a character in a book looks or acts.
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Term
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Definition
- A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion.
- Many hands make light work.–John Heywood.
- a concise statement or popular saying that expresses a principle or truth in a terse, thoughtful manner
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- The intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.
- "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost shall be." - Winston Churchill.
- It breaks the monotony of a phrase by using a pronoun and then emphasises the effect by starting each clause with said pronoun.
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Term
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Definition
- Creation of a positive or opposite idea through negation.
- I'm not forgetful that you served me well.
- deliberate use of understatement, not to deceive someone but to enhance the impressiveness of what is said
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Term
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Definition
- Using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense on a deeper level.
- Jumbo shrimp.
- They can be used to add emphasis or depth of meaning to a phrase.
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Term
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Definition
- In its rhetorical sense, pathos is a writer or speaker's attempt to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience--usually a deep feeling of suffering, but sometimes joy, pride, anger, humor, patriotism, or any of a dozen other emotions.
- Ad's for animals in the animal shelter about to die.
- Evokes an emotional response.
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Term
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Definition
- the distinguishing character, sentiment, moral nature, or guiding beliefs of a person, group, or institution.
- "I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV."
(1960s TV commercial for Excedrin)
Demonstrates author's reliability, competence, and respect for the audience's ideas and values through reliable and appropriate use of support and general accuracy
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Term
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Definition
- Denotative meanings/reasons.
- Criminology; criminal and logos = crimino logy = criminology = the knowledge of criminal matters.
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Logos is one of the three kinds of artistic proof in Aristotle's rhetorical theory.
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Term
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Definition
- A literary scheme in which the author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed or backwards order.
- "You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget." -Cormac McCarthy
- order of words is reversed in parallel expressions.
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Term
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Definition
- Repeating a consonant sound in close proximity to others, or beginning several words with the same vowel sound.
- Rabbits running over roses
- create a consistent pattern that catches the mind's eye and focuses attention.
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Term
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Definition
- A special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels.
- watch her pitcher teach her orchard features.
- can simply replace rhyme, if the structural function of the rhyme is not particularly important.
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Term
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Definition
- Repeating identical or similar vowels (especially in stressed syllabes) in nearby words.
- “Poetry is old, ancient, goes back far. It is among the oldest of living things. So old it is that no man knows how and why the first poems came.” - Carl Sandburg
- to help make the passage seem more flowy.
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Term
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Definition
- The use of sounds that are similar to the noise they represent for a rhetorical or artistic effect.
- Buzz.
- to describe a sound and to make a sentence more interesting.
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Term
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Definition
- Informal diction or the use of vocabulary considered inconsistent with the preferred formal wording common among the educated or elite in a culture.
- Chill out!
- It is used to communicate particular messages.
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Term
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Definition
- A word or phrase used everyday in plain and relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing.
- I can't hear myself think.
- To help the everyday reader understand better what the passage means.
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Term
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Definition
- When the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length.
- "King Alfred tried to make the law clear, precise, and equitable."
- To keep a rythym of a passage.
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Term
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Definition
- composed of or characterized by abruptly disconnected elements.
- rapid-fire, staccato speech.
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Term
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Definition
- a sentence having no coordinate clauses or subordinate clauses.
- "Of course, no man is entirely in his right mind at any time." - Mark Twain
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Term
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Definition
- a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses.
- I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English
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Term
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Definition
- has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses.
- When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
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Term
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Definition
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A sentence with two or more indepdent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
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"Those are my principles, and if you don't like them . . . well, I have others." -Groucho Marx
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Term
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Definition
- A long sentence that is not grammatically complete (and hence not intelligible to the reader) until the reader reaches the final portion of the sentence.
- "For the queen, the lover, pleading always at the heart's door, patiently waits."
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Term
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Definition
- An independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions (phrases or clauses) that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea.
- "He dipped his hands in the bichloride solution and shook them--a quick shake, fingers down, like the fingers of a pianist above the keys." - Sinclair Lewis
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Term
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Definition
- a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered
- "If your friend jumped off the bridge would you do it too?"
- to prove a point or persuade someone that you are correct or that something is a certain way.
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Term
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Definition
- The arrangement of two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development.
- Romeo compared to Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet.
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Term
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Definition
- A scheme or a trope used for rhetorical or artistic effect.
- "Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art" - John Keats
- Figures of speech add color to statments and make language more exciting.
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Term
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Definition
- a construction or expression in one language that cannot be matched or directly translated word-for-word in another language.
- He's true blue.
- to make their speech more attractive and impressive. Idioms are a way to make language more vivid and descriptive.
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Term
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Definition
- A comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking.
- "Love is the wild card of existence." - Rita Mae Brown
- to paint the picture more clearly.
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Term
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Definition
- An analogy or comparison implied by using an adverb such as like or as.
- O, my luve is like a red, red rose
That's newly sprung in June:
O, my luve is like the melodie
That's sweetly played in tune - Robert Burns
- To compare 2 dissimilar objects.
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Term
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Definition
- a similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be based.
- I feel like a fish out of water.
- Giving an example to relate something to something else.
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Term
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Definition
- a rhetorical device or figure of speech involving shifts in the meaning of words.
- Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date
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Term
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Definition
- the way in which a word or expression or situation can be interpreted.
- The patient's consent is immaterial, since its absence would merely signify mental incompetence.
- to express a word or phrase in a way someone can better understand it.
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Term
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Definition
- A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.
- "The grave's a fine and private place,
But none, I think, do there embrace." - Andrew Marvell
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Term
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Definition
- Identification of a person by an appropriate substituted phrase.
- "Professor D.C. Ray" for Death Ray
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Term
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Definition
- Failure of a character to see or understand what is obvious to the audience.
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Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. When Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet then kills herself.
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Dramatic irony emphasizes the limited nature of human understanding and causes the reader to pause or reflect on a certain moment
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Term
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Definition
- an outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected, the difference between what is expected to happen and what actually does.
- a woman who is apprehensive about attending a wedding due to being single, she however goes and there meets her future husband.
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Term
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Definition
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- a figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant
- The simple comment, "Oh Great" after something rotten happens is verbal irony.
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Term
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Definition
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In grammer, a reversal of normal word order, especially the placement of a verb ahead of the subject.
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"Not in the legions
Of horrid hell can come a devil more damned
In ills to top Macbeth." - William Shakespeare
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Term
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Definition
- Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of word groups occurring one after the other.
- Give me wine, give me women and give me song.
- It breaks the monotony of a phrase by using a pronoun and then emphasises the effect by starting each clause with said pronoun.
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Term
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Definition
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"Your manuscript is both good and original. But the part that is good is not original and the part that is original is not good." --Samuel Johnson
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Term
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Definition
- Use of words or phrases in a series without connectives such as and or so.
- Veni, vidi, vici (Latin: I came, I saw, I conquered).–Julius Caesar.
- a stylistic scheme in which conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses.
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Term
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Definition
- Using many conjunctions to achieve an overwhelming effect in a sentence.
- "This term, I am taking biology and English and history and math and music and physics and sociology."
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Term
| Coordinating Conjunctions |
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Definition
- a conjunction (abbreviated or ) is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses together.
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I hate to waste a single drop of squid eyeball stew, for it is expensive and time-consuming to make.
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To separate two phrases together with one word: for, and, nor, but, or, yet.
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Term
| Subordinating Conjunctions |
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Definition
- a conjunction (abbreviated or ) is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses together.
- "While the State exists, there can be no freedom. When there is freedom there will be no State."
(Vladimir Lenin)
- introduces a new idea, or proposition, into the sentence.
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Term
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Definition
- a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb.
- "Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle."
(Philo)
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Term
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Definition
- a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence
- "When liberty is taken away by force, it can be restored by force. When it is relinquished voluntarily by default, it can never be recovered."
(Dorothy Thompson)
- can stand alone as a sentence, beginning with a capital letter and ending with terminal punctuation such as a period.
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Term
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Definition
- The order in which events happen, especially when emphasizing a cause-effect relationship in history or in a narrative.
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Countdown to take-off ("10, 9, 8, 7, ...")
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To place on cataloge order.
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Term
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Definition
- method of description that begins at one geographical point and moves onward in an orderly fashion.
- Lesley Choyce's description of Wedge Island that first describes the whole island and then moves from the grassy peninsula at the top out to the tip.
- items are arranged according to their physical position or relationships
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Term
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Definition
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A method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer analyzes the reasons for (and/or the consequences of) an action, event, or decision.
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''If you prove the cause, you at once prove the effect; and conversely nothing can exist without its cause."
(Aristotle, Rhetoric)
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to state the cause and what had happened after.
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Term
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Definition
- a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter.
- "That's what she said!"
- To create an uplifting sense in a story.
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Term
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Definition
- A text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack human vice, foolishness, or stupidity.
- The Colbert Report, South Park, and The Onion.
- To prove a point in a witty way.
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Term
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Definition
- A writer's attitude toward the subject and audience.
- "The quietness of his tone italicized the malice of his reply."
(Truman Capote)
- conveyed through diction, point of view, syntax, and level of formality
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Term
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Definition
- a formal expression of praise for someone who has died recently
- A speech for someone during a funeral.
- To show sympathy for the person who had passed away.
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Term
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Definition
- a light, humorous play in which the plot depends upon a skillfully exploited situation rather than upon the development of character.
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bank robber who mistakenly wanders into a police station to hide
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To pay more attention to the plot than to the characters.
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Term
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Definition
- repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next.
- "At six o'clock we were waiting for coffee,
waiting for coffee and the charitable crumb . . ."
(Elizabeth Bishop, "A Miracle for Breakfast")
- To create suspense.
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Term
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Definition
- figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept.
- "London," as the capital of the United Kingdom, could be used as a metonym for its government.
- To make it more noticeable to a specific person.
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Term
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Definition
- In logic, a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
- Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded.
Minor premise: All black dogs are mammals.
Conclusion: Therefore, all black dogs are warm-blooded.
- to give off different reasons.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- a triangle consisting of pathos, logos, and ethos.
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Every communication is essentially a trilateral relationship. Each point of the triangle
influences the others, and all are influenced by the context of the communication. Each point of the triangle bears some responsibility for the success of the communication, and each
point of the triangle corresponds with one of Aristotle's three appeals
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to define each appeal in a passage.
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Term
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Definition
- new composition, device, or process.
- derived from a pre-existing model or idea, or it could be independently conceived in which case it may be a radical breakthrough. ...
- to create a new idea
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Term
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Definition
- The parts of a speech or, more broadly, the structure of a text.
- "Aristotle states that . . . the very nature of rhetoric requires at least four components: an exordium, or introduction (prooimion), an advanced thesis (prothesis), proofs (pisteis), and a conclusion (epilogos)."
(Richard Leo Enos, "Traditional Arrangement," in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 2001)
- Arrangement is one of the five traditional canons or subdivisions of classical rhetorical training.
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Term
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Definition
- the use of correct, appropriate, and remarkable language throughout the speech.
- "Style is character. It is the quality of a man's emotion made apparent; then by inevitable extension, style is ethics, style is government."
(Spinoza)
- Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament discourse; broadly, as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing.
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Term
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Definition
- Speaking without having to prepare or memorize a speech.
- Memorizing a song.
- To keep that passage in your brain.
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Term
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Definition
- making effective use of voice and gesture.
- Using hand gesture while you make a speech.
- To make the speech more interesting.
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Term
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Definition
- When a object is given a human quality.
- The leaves were dancing with the wind.
- To create a more interesting passage.
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Term
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Definition
- anticipating and answering objections in advance
- a character who is about to die might be described as "the dead man" before he is actually dead.
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Term
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Definition
- a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol
- The definition of a high level word.
- To give the meaning of a unknown word.
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Term
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Definition
- the articulation of speech regarded from the point of view of its intelligibility to the audience
- The use of high diction within a story.
- To give more detail with the story.
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Term
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Definition
- an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole
- "the essay contained too much detail"
- To make the story more in-dept.
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Term
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Definition
- divides the company into divisions that bring together those employees involved with a certain type of product or market service.
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Term
| Degree of Intensity Structure |
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Definition
- the correlate of physical energy and the degree of loudness of a speech sound.
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Term
| Compare and contrast structure |
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Definition
- comparing the similarites and differences of two passages.
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Term
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Definition
- a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication.
- "I violated the Noah rule: predicting rain doesn't count; building arks does." (Warren Buffett)
- to bring a world of experience outside the limitations of a statement to the reader.
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Term
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Definition
- the ability to form mental images of things or events.
- "he could still hear her in his imagination"
- “On a starry winter night in PortugalWhere the ocean kissed the southern shoreThere a dream I never thought would come to passCame and went like time spent through an hourglass”-Teena Marie, “Portuguese Love”
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Term
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Definition
- words that make a connection between the ideas that they convey and the physical senses of touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight.
- "We looked at the flames in the darkness. There was an abdominable odor floating in the air" - Elie Wiesel
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric.
- Introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation and concession, summation.
- stood as a model for writers who believe their case can be argued logically and plausibly to an open-minded audience.
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Term
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Definition
- conflict solving technique based on finding common ground instead of polarizing debate.
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