Term
| What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affects bone growth and metabolism? |
|
Definition
Calcium
Phosphorus
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone
Growth hormone
Glucocorticoids
Estrogens and Androgens
Thyroxine
Insulin |
|
|
Term
| What are musculoskeletal changes associated with aging? |
|
Definition
Decrease in muscle mass and strength, decrease elasticity of ligaments, tendons, cartilage, bone mass
Narrowing of vertebral space
Posture and gait changes |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of accidental death in the elderly? |
|
Definition
Falls
1/3 ages 65+ have falls each year
1/2 residents in nursing facilities fall each year
Repeated falls lead to pattern of illness/diesease |
|
|
Term
| What are cultural considerations regarding bone density? |
|
Definition
African American men have denser bones
Caucasian women have least amount of bone density |
|
|
Term
| What are food sources for calcium? |
|
Definition
Spinach, fortified OJ, dark green leafy veggies, dairy
Vitamin D helps with absorption |
|
|
Term
| What should you look for when assessing the musculoskeletal system of an adult? (Risk Factors) |
|
Definition
Age: young men + MVA
Family history: osteoporosis and bone cancer
Dietary: calcium intake
SES: ability to afford good food
Current health problems: obesity, meds
Occupation: manual labor - fractures
office: carpal tunnel
construction/healthcare: backs |
|
|
Term
| What should you look at in the physical assessment of an adult's musculoskeletal system? |
|
Definition
Posture, gait, general mobility
Head, neck, spine: palpate for tenderness and pain
ROM in extremities
Muscle strength
Psychosocial: loss of limb, self-concept/esteem |
|
|
Term
| What are immobilization devices? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you look for in a neurovascular assessment in relation to immobilization? |
|
Definition
Skin: pink, warm
Capillary refill: <3seconds
Palpation of pulses below cast: 2+, 3+
Check for sensation, movement, pain |
|
|
Term
| What are the musculoskeletal movements? |
|
Definition
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Eversion: rotate out
Inversion: rotate in |
|
|
Term
| What is webbing of hands or feet called? |
|
Definition
Syndactaly
Not usually corrected, surgery for cosmetic reasons if wanted |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when you have extra digits? |
|
Definition
Polydactyly:
Usually involves digits at border of hand or foot, treatment includes tying off extra digit or surgical removal |
|
|
Term
| What causes the absence of all or part of an extremity in children? |
|
Definition
Amniotic band constricts the limb in utero
May also have developmental craniofacial abnomalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genu valgum
-normal for school-agers
-generally grow out of it
-only requires surgery if serious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genu varum:
-normal for toddlers
-usually resolves with growth
-surgery only if serious |
|
|
Term
| What are nursing considerations/teaching for parents of children with limb defects? |
|
Definition
Reassurance of outcome
Reinforce therapy
Sitting and lying positions can cause or exacerbate problems (W sitting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congenital malformation of lower extremity |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology/risk factors of clubfoot? |
|
Definition
| genetics causes increase risk, neuromuscular disorders, males |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of club foot? |
|
Definition
Plantar flexion of the foot, inverted heel and adducted forefoot
Unilateral or bilateral
Rigid limb, cannot return to neutral position |
|
|
Term
| What is metatarsus adductus and its manifestations? |
|
Definition
| Medial deviation of forefoot, non rigid |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic management of clubfoot? |
|
Definition
Stretching
Manipulation
Serial casting
Possible surgery
Long-term follow-up until bone maturity (females sooner than males) |
|
|
Term
| What is therapeutic management of metatarsus adductus? |
|
Definition
Passive stretching
Sometimes brace, cast, straight laced shoes
Shoes on opposite feet |
|
|
Term
| What is developmental dysplasia of the hip? |
|
Definition
| Head of the femur is improperly seated in the acetabulum, congenital or developmental |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of DDH? |
|
Definition
Genetics
Pre/postnatal positioning: Breech
Laxity of ligaments holding femur head in acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of DDH in a neonate? |
|
Definition
Femoral head displaced from acetabulum on manipulation
Assymetry of gluteal folds*
Limited range of motion on affected limb
Assymetrical abduction when supine
Affected femur looks shorter |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of DDH in a child? |
|
Definition
Variations in gait: lurching
Contractures and stiffness in affected joint |
|
|
Term
| What does a positive Trendelenburgs sign indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Ortolani test measure? |
|
Definition
| Abduct the thighs, apply pressure forward over greater trocanter, listen/feel for clunk when femoral head dislocates |
|
|
Term
| What does the Barlow test measure? |
|
Definition
| Adduct the hips, apply pressure down and back, femoral head is felt moving out of acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| What do you observe with Trendelenburgs sign? |
|
Definition
| Child bears weight on affected side while holding for balance, pelvis on unaffected side tilts forward |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic tests help with the diagnosis of DDH? |
|
Definition
Ultrasound in infants 4-6 weeks old
Radiography for older infants and children |
|
|
Term
| What is the Pavlik harness used for? |
|
Definition
Treatment of DDH, used for infants younger than 6 months, can be used for up to 12 months, 23 hours a day
-monitor skin integrity
-teach proper car seat use |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment of DDH for older children? |
|
Definition
Traction surgery: releases muscles and tendons
Surgery (osteotomy): repositioning femur
Spica cast |
|
|
Term
| What is Legg-Calve-Perthes disease? |
|
Definition
loss of blood supply to head of femur
Avascular necrosis of femoral head |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors/incidence of Legg-P-C disease? |
|
Definition
| Shorter height, boys, ages 4-8 |
|
|
Term
| What are manifestations of L-C-P disease? |
|
Definition
complaints of hip, thigh, knee stiffness or soreness, constant pain referred to knee
painful limp
constant pain
quadricep muscle atrophy
Insidious onset, slow, no pinpoint |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic evaluation used for L-C-P disease? |
|
Definition
| Radiographic exam: shows necrosis and irregularity of femoral head |
|
|
Term
| How should you manage L-C-P disease? |
|
Definition
Maintain position of femoral head in acetabulum, protect from stress of weight bearing
-Initially: no weight, ROM, bedrest
-Severe: femoral head abducted and internally rotated via surgery or brace for 18 months
-Re-establish blood supply to prevent permanent damage |
|
|
Term
| What is Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis? |
|
Definition
femoral head dislocates from the neck and shaft of the femur at the level of the ephiphyseal plate.
Slip occurs with increased stress on thinning plate, posterior and inferior direction
-affects upper capital femoral growth plate |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis? |
|
Definition
Short heavy for age, occurs prior to onset of secondary sex characteristics -12-13 years old -Boys more often affected
-Adolescents tall and skinny |
|
|
Term
| What are manifestations of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis? |
|
Definition
Limp, gain disturbances
Pain in groin, thigh, or knee
Intermittent pain, worse with activity
Can pinpoint the pain |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis? |
|
Definition
| Radiograph in frog-like position confirms diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis? |
|
Definition
1) Buck's extension
2) Internal fixation: pin or screws surgically inserted, removed after several years
Crutches for partial weight bearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ligaments stretch, partial or complete tears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive stretch of the muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soft-tissue, muscle, or sub-Q damaged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joint is disrupted and articulating surfaces are no longer in contact |
|
|
Term
| In what population are sprains, strains, contusions and dislocations common? |
|
Definition
| Adolescents due to athletic participation |
|
|
Term
| What are manifestations of strains, sprains, and contusions? |
|
Definition
Pain
Swelling
Localized tenderness
Limited ROM
Poor weight bearing
Pop or snap sound |
|
|
Term
| What are manifestations of strains, sprains, and contusions? |
|
Definition
Pain
Swelling
Localized tenderness
Limited ROM
Poor weight bearing
Pop or snap sound |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic tools are used to diagnose sprain, strain, contusion or dislocation? |
|
Definition
| X-ray to rule out fracture |
|
|
Term
| What is the management of a mild to moderate sprain or strain? |
|
Definition
RICE
Rest
Ice: <20 min. q 1-4 hours
Compression: wrap with compression bandage
Elevation: reduce swelling
NSAIDS: alleviate pain and reduce swelling |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of severe strain, sprain, or contusion? |
|
Definition
Avoid weight bearing for 3 days
Air cast, cast, splint
Surgery if torn |
|
|
Term
| What is Osgood Schlatter Disease? |
|
Definition
An overuse injury
Repetitive stress from sports-related activities
inflammation of tibial tubercle at tendon insertion (around the bone)
-happens to immature muscles and joints |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of Osgood Schlatter's disease? |
|
Definition
Involved in sports
-8-16 years old (before maturity)
-boys greater likelihood than girls
-occurs bilaterally* |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of Osgood-Schlatter's disease? |
|
Definition
Slow (insidious) onset, knee pain and tenderness
Swelling of tibial tuburcle
difficulty bearing weight |
|
|
Term
| What is the management of mild Osgood Schlatter's disease? |
|
Definition
avoid sports activities
wrap affected knee with elastic bandage |
|
|
Term
| What is the management of severe Osgood Schlatter's disease? |
|
Definition
Ice, heat, NSAIDS, restricted activity for 6 weeks or more
12-18 months to resolve completely |
|
|
Term
| What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? |
|
Definition
Genetic bone disorder that results in low bone mass, increased fagility of the bones, and other connective tissue problems.
Autosomal dominant inheritance (need one dominant X)
Brittle Bone Disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of Osteogenesis Imperfecta? |
|
Definition
Osteoporosis, excessive bone fragility, blue sclerae, discolored teeth, deafness by 20-30 years
Adult height shorter than average, frequent fractures |
|
|
Term
| What disease is often mistaken for child abuse? |
|
Definition
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta: multiple broken bones at various stages of healing |
|
|
Term
| What tools do you use to diagnose Osteogenesis Imperfecta? |
|
Definition
X-ray shows current and healing fractures
Biochemical study of collagen: confirmatory diagnosis
Elevated alkaline phosphatase in infancy |
|
|
Term
| What is the management of Osteogenesis Imperfecta? |
|
Definition
Traction
Casting and fixation
IV biphosphanate: strengthens bones, decreases pain, and increases ambulation
goal: strengthen bones to prevent fractures |
|
|
Term
| What nursing considerations are appropriate for Osteogenesis Imperfecta? |
|
Definition
| Education: no cure, risk of accidental injuries with normal activity, gentle turning, passive ROM, DIAPERING, daily skin care and assessment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial infection of the bone
Acute infection < 1 month
Chronic infection > 1 month with no response to antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What is etiology of Osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
Edogeneous, exogenous, vascular spread
-Staphylococcus aureus is most common* |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of Osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
Preschool and adolescents
Boys are 2x more affected |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of Osteomyelitis in infants? |
|
Definition
Fever and irritability
Feeding difficulties
Sepsis |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of Osteomyelitis in older children? |
|
Definition
Pain, warmth, tenderness localized over site of infection, erythema, favoring affected extremity, limited ROM
Systemic fever and lethargy |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic evaluation of Osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
Imaging studies
elevated ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate- measures inflammation
White blood cells (WBC): elevated due to infection
Aspirate for Culture and Sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What is the management of Osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
Obtain C&S
Initiate IV antibiotics usually via PICC line because receiving high dose over long period of time at home/home health
Complete bed rest
Extremity immobilized
After healing: PT and ROM
Surgery if abscess occurs
IVs administered: vancomycin, clindomycin |
|
|
Term
| What is Juvenile Arthritis? |
|
Definition
Autoimmune inflammatory disease that is lifelong
multi-system, affects connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Juvenile Arthritis? |
|
Definition
Unknown
Known triggers: infection, trauma, stress |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of Juvenile Arthritis? |
|
Definition
Females 2x more likely
Onset: greater then 6months old to 16 years |
|
|
Term
| What are the mnaifestations of Juvenile Arthritis? |
|
Definition
Intermittent joint pain greater than 6 weeks
Joint: painful, stiff, swollen, warm to touch (no redness), limited ROM |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic evaluation of Juvenile Arthritis? |
|
Definition
Positive Rheumatoid factor, positive antinuclear antibodies, positive/increased ESR, increased C-Reactive protein, + HLA antigen
Slit Lamp exam: assess for uvelitis
Leading cause of blindness in children |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic management of Juvenile Arthritis? |
|
Definition
Drug therapy: NSAIDS (ibuprofen, naproxen sodium (Aleve))
Slower reacting antirheumatic drugs: hydroxychloroquine
Immunosuppressive/Cytotoxic agents: cyclophosphamides
Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: methotrexate
Corticosteroids: limited to life threatening
PT and OT
rest, proper positioning, non-impact exercise
Surgery: reserved for joint contractures and unequal growth of limbs |
|
|
Term
| What is Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
Group of progressively inherited degenerative diseases
Muscles become progressively weaker
Affects muscle cells, causes weakness and atrophy
Classic symptom: progressive muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
| What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
Most common type of muscular dystrophy
Gender-linked (X-linked) recessive disorder (need two recessive alleles to have)
Males affected, females are carriers |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
Progressive systemic muscle wasting and weakness
-Use Gower's maneuver to stand (walking hands back to feet)
-Waddle, wide-based gait
-Calf muscles weak with hypertrophy of fat cells
-Toe walking common
-Disability and deformity
-Hip and knee contractures
-Foot deformities
-Scoliosis and Lordosis
-Walking loss by ages 9-12 |
|
|
Term
| What are associated signs and symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystophy? |
|
Definition
Moderate obesity
Decreased IQ
Cardiomyopathy
Shortened life span |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic evaluation of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
Creatinine Kinase elevated in early stages
Electromyograph and muscle biopsy assist with diagnosis
Genetic testing: Duchenne MD gene |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic management of early Duchenne MD? |
|
Definition
Surgery
Bracing
PT
goal: maintain mobility |
|
|
Term
| what is the therapeutic management of late Duchenne MD? |
|
Definition
Maximizing sitting capability
Respiratory function
Self Care |
|
|
Term
| What are nursing considerations of Duchenne MD? |
|
Definition
Family assessment: coping mechanisms
encourage maintenance of activity and self-care
-Diet: to control weight, low cal, low carb due to sedentary lifestyle
-Turn q2H
-Create bowel regimen
-Pulmonary hygiene, respiratory exercises
-Genetic screening and counseling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lateral curvature of spine
-10-20degrees is slight curve
-Greater than 40degrees requires surgery
-Greater than 80degrees is severe and respiratory system is compromised |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Idiopathic scoliosis? |
|
Definition
no known cause, genetic component
Increased incidence with females |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Congenital Scoliosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of neuromuscular scoliosis? |
|
Definition
Neuromuscular conditions
Cerebral Palsy
Duchenne MD
Para or Quadriplegia |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of Scoliosis? |
|
Definition
| Visible curve, rib hump (bending forwards), asymmetric rib cage, uneven shoulder or pelvic heights, prominence of scapula or hip, vital capacity reduced |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic evaluation of scoliosis? |
|
Definition
Routine screening at school: 9-15 year olds
Radiography: confirms diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic management of scoliosis? |
|
Definition
Regular observation with radiograph
Bracing if >40degrees
Spinal fusion |
|
|
Term
| When would you brace someone with scoliosis? |
|
Definition
If curvature >40 degrees
Does not resolve curve but reduces progression with growth
Worn 18-23 hours a day |
|
|
Term
| When would you have surgery for scoliosis? |
|
Definition
If severe (>80 degrees)
Fuse vertebrae with rods or wires
Log roll for period of time |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for scoliosis? |
|
Definition
| With close monitoring and follow-up: excellent |
|
|
Term
| What are complications from treatments for scoliosis? |
|
Definition
Brace: skin irritation
Surgery: neurologic damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concave curvature in spine, usually in lumbar area |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of lordosis? |
|
Definition
Normal for toddlers
Can occur with diseases: neuromuscular disorders |
|
|
Term
| What are nursing considerations of lordosis? |
|
Definition
Usually benign: document
If problematic: similar to scoliosis care |
|
|
Term
| What is Pectus Excavatum? |
|
Definition
Chest depression
Developmental disorder |
|
|
Term
| What are the risks with Pectus Excavatum? |
|
Definition
Cardiac/Pulmonary compromise
Severe: surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Developmental disorder
Most common of all
Tight, short, sternocleidomastoid muscle
Head tilt favoring one side
Treatment: stretching, help infant not favor affected side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Developmental disorder
Chest protrusion
More cosmetic, no real affects/risks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Developmental disorder uncommon in U.S.
Nutritional deficit of calcium and vit. D
Can only break bones to fix |
|
|
Term
| What is septic arthritis? |
|
Definition
Bacterial infection of the joint
Medical emergency
Avascular necrosis
Results in permanent deformity: leg length, ROM
Treatment: Joint aspiration, IV antibiotics (PO), follow-up
Symptoms: inflammation, decreased ROM, fever
Labs: increased WBC, ESR, CRP (acute inflammation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic, metabolic disease in which bone loss causes decreased density and possible fracture |
|
|
Term
| What are the classifications of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Primary Generalized osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Occurs most commonly in postmenopausal women and men
Men have decreasing levels of testosterone (which builds bone) and altered ability to absorb calcium. |
|
|
Term
| What is Secondary Generalized Osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| May result from other medical conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus or chronic use of some drugs. |
|
|
Term
| What is Regional Osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when a limb is immobilized related to a fracture, injury or paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| What role does estrogen play in bone density? |
|
Definition
| Decrease in estrogen, decrease in bone density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low bone mass, occurs when there is a disruption in the bone remodeling process. |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
-exact cause is unknown
-primary osteoporosis after menopause due to decreased estrogen levels
-body build predicts occurrence: thin, white females
-sedentary lifestyle: exercise helps with bone buildup |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence/prevalence of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
-10 million people with disease
-34 million ages 50+ with osteopenia, at risk for developing osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
A-Alcohol Use
C-Corticosteroid use
C-Calcium low
E-Estrogen low
S-Smoking
S-Sedentary lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| What is the health promotion/illness prevention for osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
-Minimize risk factors
-ensure adequate calcium intake
-avoid sedentary lifestyle
-continue program of weight-bearing exercises (avoid jarring exercises)
-Environmental measures to minimize fall risk |
|
|
Term
| What are the major assessment findings for vertebral column compression fracture? |
|
Definition
Hurts with palpation/force
Feels better when not moving |
|
|
Term
| What are physical assessment findings for osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
-back pain with bending, stooping, lifting (sharp and acute)
-kyphosis (dowager's hump)
-pt states they have gotten shorter
-Worse with activity, relieved by rest
-fractures common in distal end of radius and upper third of hip |
|
|
Term
| What are diagnostic tools for osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
-DEXA scan measures bone mineral density (not covered by medicare, expensive)
-X-rays don't show much until 25-40% bone density lost |
|
|
Term
| What are possible nursing diagnoses for a patient with osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Risk for falls r/t being female 65+ years and environmental hazards.
Acute pain r/t effects of acute physical illness (fracture) m/b patient statement of pain, grimacing.
Impaired mobility
Self-care deficit
Imbalanced nutrition |
|
|
Term
| What nutrition therapy is appropriate for osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Adequate amounts of: protein, magnesium, vitamin K, trace minerals, calcium, vitamin D
Avoid alcohol and caffeine
Balance calcium with kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| What is nutrient therapy for a person with a fracture? |
|
Definition
Vitamins C and D
Iron
Protein
to help with bone repair |
|
|
Term
| What is an appropriate amount of exercise for someone with/preventing osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| 30 minutes, 3-5 times per week |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug therapy for osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
-Hormone replacement therapy (outdated)
-Parathyroid hormone
-Calcium and vit. D: prevention, w/ food
-Bisphosphonates: prevention and mgmt, w/ full glass of water and not with calcium supplement at same time
-Selective estrogen receptor modulators
-Calcitonin: provides analgesic
-Testosterone: increases bone growth, decreases bone resorption, can cause liver disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the risks of hormone replacement therapy with osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
-Increased risk of coronary vascular disease
-Increased risk of cancer
Used for short periods of time in low doses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adult version of Ricket's
-softening of the bone tissue
-vitamin D deficiency, lack of sun exposure |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D from sun exposure and certain foods |
|
|
Term
| What is Paget's Disease of the Bone? |
|
Definition
-Metabolic disorder of bone remodeling or turnover
-2nd most common bone disease
-Excessive osteoclasts
-Extreme pain due to bone destruction and nerve impingement
-Increased resorption of loss results in bone deposits that are weak, enlarged, and disorganized |
|
|
Term
| What is the nonsurgical management of Paget's Disease of the bone? |
|
Definition
| NSAIDs, calcitonin, selected bisphosphonates, physical therapy |
|
|
Term
| What is the surgical management of Paget's Disease of the bone? |
|
Definition
| tibial osteotomy, partial or total joint replacement, surgical decompression or stabilization of spine |
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostic tools used to diagnose Paget's Disease of the bone? |
|
Definition
-Fracture in femur and tibia
-X-Ray
-Bone scan
-ALP |
|
|
Term
| What are complications of Paget's Disease of the bone? |
|
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
Gout
Kidney Stones |
|
|
Term
| What is a treatment for osteomyelitis in adults? |
|
Definition
| Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy: increases tissue perfusion |
|
|
Term
| What is the surgical management of osteomyelitis in adults? |
|
Definition
-Sequestrectomy: revascularize, remove dead tissue
-Bone grafts: from non infected iliac crest or fibula
-Bone segment transfers
-Muscle flaps: for small defects
-Amputation: last resort |
|
|
Term
| What are benign bone tumors? |
|
Definition
-Noncancerous
Chrondrogenic
Osteogenic (giant cell tumor: women)
Fibrogenic |
|
|
Term
| What are interventions for benign bone tumors? |
|
Definition
-Nondrug pain relief
-Drug therapy: analgesics, NSAIDs
-Surgical therapy: curettage (excision of tumor tissue), joint replacement, arthrodesis (fusion) |
|
|
Term
| What are primary malignant bone tumors? |
|
Definition
-Tumors that originate in the bone
-Osteosarcoma
-Ewing's sarcoma
-Chondrosarcoma
-Fibrosarcoma |
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Term
|
Definition
-Most common malignant bone tumor
-metastasizes to lungs within 2 years
-often times fatal
-begins in femur |
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Term
| What are Secondary Malignant bone tumors? |
|
Definition
| -Tumors that originate in other tissues and metastasize to the bone |
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|
Term
| Where are the common bone seeking tumors originating from? |
|
Definition
Prostate
Breast
Kidney
Thyroid
Lung |
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