5.1 – Key Principles of Cognitive LOA

The three key principles of Cognitive Psychology

are...

5.1 –mental processes guide behavior; the mind can

be studied scientifically; cognitive processes are

influenced be social and cultural factors

5.1.1 – Mental Processes guide behavior

One goal of cognitive psychology is...

5.1.1 –to find the possible principles underlying

cognitive processes.

5.1.2 – The mind can be studied scientifically

The mind can be studied scientifically by...

5.1.2 –developing theories and using a number of

scientific research methods to test those theories

5.1.3 – cognitive processes are influenced by social

and cultural factors

Cognitive processes are influenced by social and

cultural factors because...

5.1.3 – of mental representations of knowledge we

call schemas.

5.3 – Cognitive Processes

Cognitive processes are the...

to organize and use them.

5.3 – ways in which the mind manipulates concepts

5.2 – Types of Cognitive research

The three most common research methods in

cognitive psychology are...

5.2 – "lab experiment, case studies, neuro-imaging

technology"

5.3.1 – Schema Theory Overview

cognitive schemas are...

5.3.1 – Pre-stored mental representations of

information

5.3.2 – Differing Schema Theorists

The two best known researchers of schemas are...

5.4 – Two Models of Memory

Two models of human memory processes are...

5.4 – the Atkinson-Shiffren 3-box model AND the

Baddeley-Hitch working memory model

5.4.1 – 3-box memory model

The more passive three-box model consists of...

5.4.1 – "sensory memory, short-term memory, longterm

memory"

5.4.2 – Working memory model

The more active working memory model consists

of...

5.4.2 – "Central executive, phonological loop,

visuospatial sketchpad"

5.5 – Memory and the Brain

One of the brain's main jobs is...

5.5 – "memory, and there are still questions on how

the physical brain structures work to produce

memories. "

5.5.1 – LTM system

Long Term memory's two main systems are...

5.5.1 – "Explicit memories made of semantic and

episodic memories, and implicit memories made of

procedural and emotional memories"

5.5.2 – Clive Wearing; HM

Clive Wearing and “HM” are both examples of

how...

5.5.2 – brain damage affects memory processing

5.6 – Cultural Factors in Cognition

Jerome Bruner states that culture influences

cognition because...

5.6 – "each culture uses schooling and daily

interaction with others in the culture to transmit

knowledge, both formal and informal. "

5.6.1 – Kpelle people research

Cole and Scribner's research on the Kpelle people

found...

5.6.1 – that thinking and memory strategies are

culturally-bound

5.7 – Reliability of Memory

"Due to the reconstructive nature of memories,

there are... "

5.7 – many other factors that can influence what we

remember other than what was recorded in the first

place.

5.7.1 – Freud and repression

Freud believed that people who experience intense

emotional or anxiety-provoking events...

5.7.1 – may protect the self with defense

mechanisms such as repression of those memories

5.7.2 – Child Abuse scandals

A significant number of cases of false memories of

child abuse...

5.7.2 – have occurred in the last 30 years due to

therapies designed to free repressed memories

5.7.3 – Loftus' work

Loftus believes the nature of questions in

eyewitness testimony...

5.7.4 – Bartlett's 'War of the ghosts'

Bartlett's War of the Ghosts research...

5.7.4 –showed how memory is filtered through schema and is therefore distorted

5.8 - Technology in research

Neuro-imaging technology has revolutionized cognitive psychology by...

5.8 - allowing for real-time study of cognitive processes

5.8.1 – PET

Positron Emission Technology scans the brain using...

5.8.1 – glucose consumption and blood flow to decipher neural action

5.8.2 – MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (3D) and functional MRI (4D) detect...

5.8.2 – changes in the use of oxygen in the blood to decipher neural action

5.9 – Cognition and Emotion

Emotions consist of three components:

5.9 –physiological changes; a person's subjective

feeling of emotion; associated behavior to the emotion like smiling or running away

5.9.1 – Biological Factors of emotion

Ledoux describes two routes of emotion through the

brain:"

5.9.1 – "the short route from thalamus to amygdala;

the long route from the thalamus, through the

sensory cortex and possibly the hippocampus, to the

amygdala

5.9.2 – Cognitive Factors of Emotion

Lazarus's research on appraisals found...

5.9.2 – negative emotions came from appraisals

assessing harm; positive emotions came from

appraisals assessing benefit

5.10 – Emotion and Memory

the arousal of emotion can facilitate...

5.10 – the memory of events that occur during that

aroused state

5.10.1 – Flashbulb Theory

Brown and Kulik found that...

5.10.1 –"special emotional memories called

'flashbulb memories' occur when there are highly

emotional events leading to vivid, detailed

memories"