Term
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Definition
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The theory that the universe began as a point and has been expanding ever since.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 5 billion years ago, a great could of gas and dust rotated in space. Most of the cloud’s material gathered in the center, causing it to shrink and rotate faster. The compression made the interior so hot that hydrogen fusion began and the sun was born. Masses surrounding the sun collected to become planets. |
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Term
| Conditions of early earth |
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Definition
| It was an inhabitable, hot ball of molten lava with a uniform mix of minerals and elements. Over time magna differentiated. Heavy elements sank toward the center (iron). Lighter elements accumulated toward the top (silica). |
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Term
| Two Possible Sources of Water (Conditions of Early Earth): |
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Definition
Out gassing of water vapor from volcanoes condensed to form liquid water.
Ice comets landed and melted to form water. |
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Term
| What did Earth's Early Atmosphere Contain? |
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Definition
Contained mostly hydrogen (H). Helium (He), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH4).
Out gassing from volcanoes produced water vapor (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N) and carbon monoxide (CO)
Earth’s early atmosphere did NOT confirm oxygen (O2) |
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Term
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Definition
Large mounds of bullions of cyanobacteria called stromatolites dominated the shallow oceans of early earth.
Through photosynthesis, these bacteria produced enough oxygen to change the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere. |
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Term
| Significance for Oxygen in the Atmosphere |
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Definition
Respiration for animals
Forms ozone (O3) gas that protects against UV radiation from the sun. |
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Term
| What are the fundamental Ingredients of Life? |
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Definition
| The fundamental ingredients of life consist of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen |
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Term
| Why is Carbon so important compared to hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen? |
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Definition
| Carbon is the most important out of the four elements because of the kind of bonds it can create. |
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Term
| When carbon and other elements combine, what do they produce? |
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Definition
| When carbon and other elements combine, they produce amino acids. |
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Term
| How long has life existed? |
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Definition
| Life may have existed as early as 3.8 billion years ago |
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Term
| What did microbes evolve into? What did that bacteria do? |
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Definition
| Microbes evolved a green pigment called cyanobacteria. This allowed them to trap sunlight and convert it to energy. This is called photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Galaxies are groups of stars, dust and gases held together by gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our galaxy is the Milky Way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hubble’s law states that greater red shifts indicate faster speeds. Because more distant galaxies have greater red shifts, they must be retreating from us. |
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Term
| Big Bang Theory and Evidence |
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Definition
| The Big Bang Theory is the theory that states that one at a time; the entire universe was confined to a dense, hot, super massive ball. Then, about 13.7 billion years ago, a violet explosion occurred, hurling this material in all directions. Evidence: The red shift of galaxies indicates that the universe is still expanding. Cosmic background radiation was detected as faint radio signals from every direction in space. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis that life arises regularly from non-living things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Francesca Redi was born in 1730 and was an Italian Scientist. For his experiment, his hypothesis was that maggots arose from tiny, non-viable eggs laid on meat. He first put pieces of meat in several jars, leaving half open to the air. He covered the other half with thin gauze to prevent the entrance of flies. After a few days, meat in all jars spoiled and maggots were found only on the meat in the uncovered jars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Louis Pasteur was a French scientist that was born in 1864. For his hypothesis, he states that microorganisms for not arise from nutrient broth. He first places nutrient broth in a flask with a long curved neck, which permitted air to enter, but trapped dust and other particles. Then, he boiled the flask to kill any microorganisms and waited a year before gathering results. After a year, no microorganisms were found in the broth. Pasteur then removed the curved neck, permitting dust and other particles to enter. After one day, the flask contained microorganisms. Microorganisms had clearly entered the flask with the dust particles from the air. |
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Term
| Formation of Complex Molecules: |
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Definition
| Scientists have stimulated the conditions of Earth’s early atmosphere, adding energy to stimulate early sunlight and lightening. In a few days, a soup of molecules formed including several amino acids (the building block of proteins). Reactions such as these occur today near volcanic vents at the bottom of the sea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coacervates are collections of these molecules that usually gather together into tiny droplets. In the laboratory, these droplets have been shown to grow and survive. Coacervates are not living cells, but their existence suggests ways in which the first cell may have formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotes were the first true cells and lacked the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterotrophs: an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances. |
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Term
| What did primitive forms of bacteria use instead of carbon dioxide? |
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Definition
| Primitive forms of bacteria used hydrogen sulfide instead of carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| How and how long ago did modern photosynthetic evolve? |
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Definition
| Modern photosynthetic evolved using H2O 2.2 billion years ago |
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Term
| What was oxygen released into the atmosphere as? |
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Definition
| Oxygen was released into the atmosphere as a waste product. Oxygen was poisonous to early anaerobic organisms and most died off. Organisms using oxygen began to evolve and dominate the planet. |
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Term
| When did eukaryotic organisms evolve? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic organisms with a true nucleus, DNA and membrane-bound organelles evolved between 1.4 and 1.6 billion years ago. Eukaryotic ancestors probably ingested bacteria that performed specific functions, later becoming mitochondria and chloroplastic. |
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Term
| What is the origin of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| The origin of sexual reproduction rapidly increased the rate of early evolution. Genes and traits began shuffling and combing in ways they were not capable of before. Genetic variation created new species under the influence of natural selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that life could arise from non-living matter. |
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Term
| Experiments Summarized:Redi |
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Definition
| Meat in jars (spontaneous generation does not exist) |
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Term
| Experiments Summarized: Needham |
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Definition
| Flasks with gravy boiled (“these microorganisms could have only come from the juice of the gravy.”) |
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Term
| Experiments Summarized: Spallanzi |
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Definition
| Spallanzi – Flasks with gravy boiled, one open, and one sealed (new organisms are produced only by existing organisms) |
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Term
| Experiments Summarized: Pasteur |
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Definition
| Pasteur - Broth in a beaker with swan neck, watched for a year (all living things come from other living things) |
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Term
| How was earth 4 million years ago? |
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Definition
| While young, it was stuck by one or more objects possibly the size of Mars. This produced enough heat to melt the entire globe. After, the Earth’s elements rearranged themselves according to density. |
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Term
| What did Earth's early atmosphere contain? |
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Definition
| Earth’s early atmosphere contained hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, nitrogen sulfide, and water. It was very hot and a few breaths would kill you. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microfossil: They are of unicellular prokaryotic organisms that resemble modern bacteria that have been found in rocks that are more than 3.5 million years old. |
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Term
| What did Miller and Urey's experiment demonstrate? |
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Definition
| Miller and Urey’s experiment demonstrated how complex molecules may have appeared on Earth began when they filled a flask with hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water to represent the atmosphere. They made sure no living things contaminated it. Then, they passed electric sparks through the mixture to stimulate lightening. The experiment suggested how mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds on a primitive earth. |
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Term
| How did the development of sexual reproduction speed of the process of evolution? |
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Definition
| The development of sexual reproduction sped up the process of evolution by increasing the number of gene combinations; sexual reproduction increases the probability that favorable combinations will be produced. These greatly increase the chances of evolutionary change in a species due to natural selection. |
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Term
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Definition
Made up of one of more cells
Ability to reproduce
Ability to take in energy
Ability to grow and develop
Ability to respond to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Is when conditions outside of the organism change dramatically and the organisms keeps it’s condition constant. Homeostasis relates to our body temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has undergone repeated tests over a period of time. More certain then a theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Not yet “proven”. A collection of carefully reasoned and tested hypothesis, supported by evidence |
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Term
| Five Evidences for Evolution |
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Definition
Similarities in Early Development
Similarities in Body Structures
Similarities in Chemical Compounds
The Fossil Record
Observed Evolution |
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Term
| Similarities in Early Development |
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Definition
| Embryos of many different animals are similar in appearance, especially during early stages of development.The similarities of vertebrate embryos show that similar genes are at work. |
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Term
| Similarities in Body Structures |
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Definition
Homologous structures: Parts of different organisms that developed from the same ancestral body part. Examples: The limbs of various vertebrates are similar in structure.
Vestigal Organs: organs that are so reduced in size or function that they are merely traces of similar organs in other species.Examples:Tail bone and appendix in humans. Tiny bones on the underside of pythons and boa constrictors. |
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Term
| Similarities in Chemical Compounds |
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Definition
| Genetic Material: All organisms, from bacteria to humans, see DNA and/or RNA to carry information from one generation to the next. Example: DNA of all eukaryotic organisms has the same structure and replicates in the same way. |
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Term
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Definition
Species have gone extinct, example: dinosaurs.
New species have developed, example: Homo sapiens.
Species have changes over time |
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Term
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Definition
Examples:
i. Drug resistance in bacterial strains
ii. Insecticide resistance
iii. England’s Peppered Moth
iv. Darwin’s finches |
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Term
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Definition
| Lamarck was one of the first scientists to recognize that living things change over time. |
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Term
| What were Lamarck's Theories? |
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Definition
A desire to change: Organisms change because of an inborn urge to better themselves. (Ex. Birds really wanted to fly!)
Use and Disuse: Organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways. (Ex. Organs would increase in size if they were used a lot)
Passing on Acquired traits: Acquired characteristics are passed on to future generations. |
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Term
| Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection |
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Definition
| The process by which the organisms whose characteristics are well suited for their environment to survive and reproduce. |
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Term
| Three Natural Selection Steps: |
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Definition
Variation
Selection
Reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene mutation and ______ provide the variation upon which natural selection acts. |
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Term
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Definition
In the struggle for existence, organisms either survive and reproduce, or do not.
Far more organisms are born than ever to grow to adulthood.
Those organisms with adaptations well suited for the environment are “selected” to survive. |
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Term
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Definition
Best-fit organisms have the higher probability of successfully reproducing.
Favorable characteristics (adaptations) will be passed on to the offspring.
c. Organisms in future generations will be come better and better adapted to their environment |
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Term
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Definition
In summary, each time an organism reproduces it passes copies of its genes to its offspring.
Evolutionary fitness: The success of an organism has in passing on its genes to the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is change over time, which is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. |
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Term
| Darwin's Journey on the Beagle |
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Definition
Darwin joined the crew of the Beagle and set sail in 1831. He sailed from England to a voyage around the world. Through his travels, he made many collections and collected evidence, which led him to a hypothesis about the way life changes of time.
Within one day in a Brazilian forest, Darwin collected 68 kinds of beetles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the result of adaptations |
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Term
| Two major ideas Darwin presented in The Origin of Species: |
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Definition
Two major ideas Darwin presented in The Origin of Species:
i. Inherited Variation
ii. Artificial Selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural Selection: Is survival of the fittest |
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Term
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Definition
| Survival of the Fittest: Differential survival and reproduction |
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Term
| Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Lamarck purposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to a change in species. |
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Term
| Similarities in body structure can be used as evidence that evolution is occurring over time because |
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Definition
| Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called homologous structures. When Darwin saw fossils on the Galapagos of the “ancient armadillo” he noticed certain features and homologous structures that the “ancient armadillo” and South American armadillo shared. |
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Term
| The relationship between genes, natural selection and evolutionary change over time: |
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Definition
| Over time, natural selection results in changes in the time inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species, fitness in its environment |
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Term
| What is the source of random variation? |
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Definition
| Genes carry inheritable characteristics and are the source of random variation, which causes the natural selection of organisms |
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Term
What is a genotype?
What is a phenotype? |
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Definition
| Genotype is what genes are carried, and not necessarily shown, while phenotypes is what is seen |
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Term
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Definition
| Fossil: The evidence or remains of once-living plants or animals. |
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Term
| The Five Types of Fossils: |
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Definition
Original Preservation
Altered Heart Parts
Molds and Casts
Trace Fossils
Index Fossils |
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Term
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Definition
A plant or animal remains that haven’t undergone any kind of change since death.
1. Uncommon because frozen, extremely dry, or oxygen-free environments are required for this type of fossil formation.
2. Examples:
a. Mummified human
b. Frozen Organisms (Animals frozen during the last ice age, such as Ice Man)
c. Mammoths and saber-toothed cats in La Brea Tar Pits
d. Fossilized insects in tree sap (amber) |
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Term
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Definition
Altered Heart Parts: Organic matter that is replaced with rock.
1. Minerals seep in slowly and replace the original organic tissues with silica, calcite, or pyrite, forming a rock-line fossil.
2. The fossil has the same shape as the original object, but chemically more like a rock.
3. Examples:
a. Petrified Wood
b. Recrystallized Shells |
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Term
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Definition
Molds and Casts: Common with shellfish
1. Mold: Is formed when original shell parts are weathered and eroded, leaving an impression of the shell.
2. Cast: The cavity might later become filled with minerals or sediment to create a cast. |
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Term
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Definition
Relative-age Dating: Ages of rocks and fossils are places in chronological order without exact dates.
1. The law of super position is: in an undisturbed sequence the oldest rocks are at the bottom and each successive layer is younger than the layer beneath.
2. Principle of Cross-cutting relationships: States than an intrusion or fault is younger than the rock it cuts across.
3. Other means of determining relative correlations: the mationg of one geographic region to another.
a. Used to date rock layers that are far apart from each other.
b. Geologists examine rocks for distinctive fossils (index) and unique features to identify and date them. |
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Term
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Definition
Absolute-age Dating: Used to determine the actual age of a rock, fossil and other object.
1. Tree rings: Each ring represents a year of growth.
2. Varves: colored bands of sediment that show a yearly cycle from climate change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element. |
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Term
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Definition
| Half-Life: the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value. |
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Term
| The Process of Radioactive Dating |
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Definition
Radioactive substances (unstable atoms) emit protons and nuetrons at a constant rate.
ii. As the numbers of nuclear particles change during decay, the ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬________ is converted to a ________.
iii. The rate of emission stays constant regardless of environmental changes.
iv. Since the rate of decay is constant, you can measure the parent to daughter ratio to determine the age of the rock. |
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Term
| What is the difference between relative and absolute dating? |
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Definition
| Relative-age dating is a method of comparing past geologic events based on the observed order of strata in the rock record. Absolute-age dating enables scientists to determine the actual age of a rock, fossil or other object. |
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Term
| How would a geologist use the principle of superposition to determine the relative ages of the rocks in the Grand Canyon? |
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Definition
| In an undisturbed rock sequence, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and each successive layer is younger than the layer beneath. |
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Term
| What is significant about materials that contain C-14 |
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Definition
| C-14 is a radioactive isotope and are in amber, humanoid bones, papyrus, charcoal fragments. C-14 is a radioactive element that contains carbon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Key Bed: Is a time maker that can be used to correlate rock layers across large areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fossil: Is the evidence or remains of once-living plants or animals. |
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Term
| The Difference between climate and weather |
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Definition
| The difference between climate and weather is that climate is a long-term pattern of weather in a region and weather is the state of the atmosphere at a certain time and place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latitude: Because the Earth is tilted on its axis, the Su’s rays strike the Earth at different angles. Different parts of Earth receive different amounts of solar radiation. The tropics receive the most solar radiation because the sun’s rays strike almost directly. Temperatures in the topics are warm year round. The temperature zones have moderate conditions. The polar zones receive the least radiation because the sun’s rays strike at a very low angle. Temperatures in Polar Regions are usually cold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latitude, Altitude, Proximity to Water, Topography, Ocean Currents, Prevailing Winds |
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Term
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Definition
| Altitude: Altitude is defined as the height above sea level. On average, temperatures drop about 1°C for every 160 (m) of altitude. The higher the altitude, the lower the average yearly temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proximity to Water: Land gains and loses heat much faster than water. Areas closer to large bodies of water have a smaller yearly temperature range. Continental interior have large yearly temperature ranges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Topography: Climates often differ on either side of a mountain. As air rises over a mountain, it cools. As it cools, it condenses. And releases moisture (rain). This is called the windward side. As the dry air flows over the mountain, it descends and warms, usually producing deserts, this is called the leeward side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ocean Currents: Ocean currents can warm or cool the air above. Ocean currents may be considerably warmer or colder than the normal air temperature for that latitude. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevailing Winds: There are three basic wind systems in each hemisphere: Polar Easterlies, Northeaster Southeast Trade winds, and Prevailing Westerlies. These winds blow air masses with distinct regions of origin (i.e. formed over land or water, formed at certain latitudes). The interaction and movement of air masses affect climate |
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Term
| What are the two major components of air? |
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Definition
| The two major components of air are Nitrogen and Oxygen. |
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Term
| What are the two variable components of air? |
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Definition
| The two variable components of air are water vapor and the ozone layer |
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Term
| What is the difference between O₂ and O₃? |
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Definition
| The difference between O₂ and O₃ is that O₂ has two oxygen molecules and O₃ has 3 oxygen molecules. |
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Term
| How does solar energy vary over the earth's surface? |
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Definition
| Solar energy varies over the earth’s surface because the amount of energy varies with latitude, time of day, and season of year |
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Term
| What is the difference between rotation and revolution of the earth? |
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Definition
| The difference between a rotation and a revolution is that a rotation is the spinning of earth on its axis and a revolution is the movement of earth in its orbit around the sun. |
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Term
| What is the difference between heat and temperature? |
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Definition
| The difference between heat and temperature is that heat is the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in their temperatures, and temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms/molecules in a substance. |
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Term
| How does the heating of water and land differ? |
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Definition
| The heating of water and land differs because land heats/cools more rapidly to higher/lower temperatures than water. |
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Term
| What does the function of the atmosphere regulate? |
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Definition
| The function of the atmosphere regulates temperature, provides protection from harmful solar radiation, and provides space for water and nutrient cycles. |
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Term
| What is the composition of the atmosphere? |
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Definition
| The composition of the atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen gas, 21% Oxygen gas, and 1% Other (water vapor, carbon dioxide, argon, helium, hydrogen, ozone, particles) |
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Term
| What are the atmospheric layers? |
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Definition
| Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and the Exosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| Troposphere: Boundaries from 0km (sea level) to 10 km varying from equator to poles. Temperature decreases as altitude increases. It contains most of the atmospheric mass, weather occurs here, and smog is collected here. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stratosphere: Boundaries from 10km to 50 km. Temperature increases as altitude decreases. Contains ozone gas (O₃), making ‘Ozone Layer”. Jet planes fly here because of steady weather conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mesosphere: Boundaries from 50 km to 100 km. Temperature decreases as altitude increases. Air molecules are less concentrated in this layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thermosphere: Boundaries from 100km to 500km. Temperatures increases as altitude decreases. Gas molecules are spars and widely spread. Ionosphere: made up of ions, makes Northern Lights. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionosphere (IN THE MESOSPHERE): made up of ions, makes Northern Lights. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exosphere: Boundaries from 500km to continuing into space. Temperature increases as altitude decreases. Air molecules are very sparse. Only light gases are Helium and Hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seasons: The tilt of the earth’s axis causes different areas of Earth to receive different amounts of solar radiation. This results in variations in daylight, temperature and weather patterns. When the North Pole points towards the sun, the northern hemisphere experiences summer and the southern hemisphere experiences winter. During spring and fall, neither pole points toward the sun. |
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Term
| Short Term Climate Changes: |
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Definition
| Seasons, Volcanic Activity, and El Niño. |
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Term
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Definition
| Volcanic Activity: Volcanic dust can remain suspended in the atmosphere for several years. This blocks incoming solar radiation and lowers global temperatures. |
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Term
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Definition
| El Niño: Causes by a warm ocean current that occasionally develops off the west coast of South America due to a shift in wind patterns. Negative effects of El Niño include wet, stormy weather occurs in areas that are normally dry, drought conditions occur in areas that are normally wet, and violent storms brought to California and the Gulf Coast. Positive effects of El Niño include fewer and less severe hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean areas. |
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Term
| Long Term Climate Changes: |
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Definition
| Ice Ages, Earth’s Orbit, Earth’s Axis, and Earth’s Wobble. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ice Ages: Glaciers have alternatively advanced and retreated over the past 2 million years. Ice ages are periods of extensive glacial coverage. Global temperatures drop 5 degrees Celsius on average. |
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Term
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Definition
| Every 100,00 years, the shape of Earth’s orbit changes, becoming more elliptical then more circular. When the orbit elongates, earth passes closer to the sun and temperatures become warmer then normal. When the orbit is more circular, temperatures dip below average. |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle of tilt varies from 22.1° to 24.5° every 41,000 years. Changes in angle cause seasons to become more severe. A decreased tilt might cause winters to be warmer than normal and summers to be cooler than normal. Changes in tilt may be responsible for Ice Ages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth’s Wobble: Over a period of 26,000 years, Earth wobbles as it spins on its axis. Currently, the axis points toward the North Star (Polaris), and winter occurs in the northern hemisphere when Earth is closest to the sun. When the axis tilts toward Vega, winter will occur in the northern hemisphere when Earth is farthest from the sun. This will cause warmer summers and colder winters. |
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Term
| How does latitude affect climate? |
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Definition
| Latitude affects climate because as latitude increases, the intensity of solar energy decreases |
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Term
| How do bodies of water affect climate? |
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Definition
| Bodies of water affect climate because the temperature of the water body influences the temperature of the air above. |
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Term
| How does a mountain range affect climate? |
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Definition
| A mountain range affects climate because it has a role in the amount of precipitation that falls over an area |
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Term
| How do global winds affect climate? |
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Definition
| Global winds affect climate because they distribute heat and moisture around earth. |
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Term
| How does vegetation affect climate? |
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Definition
| Vegetation affects climate because it affects temperature and precipitation patterns |
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Term
| What is the Koppen Classification system? |
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Definition
| The Koppen Classification system uses mean monthly and annual values of temperature and precipitation to classify climates |
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Term
| What are the two type of waves? |
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Definition
| The two types of waves are Mechanical need to travel through a medium (i.e. Sound), and Electromagnetic can travel through a vacuum |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the amount of waves through a given point in one second. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the transfer of energy through space by visible light, ultraviolet radiation and other forms of electromagnetic waves. While Earth absorbs solar radiation, it sends energy back into space. 35% is reflected into space by the atmosphere, clouds, and surfaces, the atmosphere absorbs 15%, and Earth absorbs 50%. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the transfer of energy that occurs when molecules collide. For example, placing a pot of water on the burner. Energy is transferred from the bottom of the pot into the lowest part of the water and moves upwards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the transfer of energy by the flow of a heated substance. For example, by placing a pot of water on the burner. Heated water expands, becoming less dense, forming bubbles that float to the top. When water comes into contact with the outer surface, it cools, sinking to the bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is what makes the planet suitable to live on. |
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Term
| What are the gasses that act as an insulating blanket trapping sufficient solar energy? |
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Definition
| The gasses that act as an insulating blanket trapping sufficient solar energy are water vapor (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and CFC’s. |
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Term
| What are the reasons for global warming? |
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Definition
| Reasons for Global Warming are the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mainly from fossil fuel combustion from industry transportation, space heating, electricity generation and cooking, and vegetation. Also an increase in methane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ozone Depletion is the destruction of the Ozone Layer due to CFC’s, and Global Warming is an increase in Earth’s temperature caused from too many greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases aren’t generally found in one area, but there are greenhouse gases in the Ozone Layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Climatograms help explain biomes because they illustrate monthly measurements of temperature and precipitation for given are a in a year. A climatogram is a graph of monthly measurements of temperature and precipitation for a given area during a year. A biome is an area that is similar in climate and other physical factors develop similar types of communities of organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biomes include tundra, taiga, chaparral, temperate deciduous forest, rainforest, grasslands and savannahs, and deserts. |
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Term
| What is the Montreal Protocol? |
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Definition
| Montreal Protocol- occurred in Canada (hence the Montreal part) – for the protection of the ozone layer. It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050. The treaty is structured around several groups of CFC’s (hydrocarbons) that have been shown to play a role in ozone depletion. It was meant to phase out CFC’s. |
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Term
| What is the Kyoto Treaty/Protocol? |
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Definition
| Kyoto Treaty/Protocol- Not currently signed by the United States. It is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at combating global warming. Industrialized countries commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide). |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide (N20), CFC's, Methane (CH4), Water Vapor (H20) |
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Term
| What are the steps of the scientific method? |
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Definition
a. Stating the problem/asking a question.
b. Gathering information about the problem.
c. Forming a hypothesis (what you think would happen, based on the information collected.
d. Experimenting/testing the hypothesis.
e. Collecting, recording and analyzing data.
f. Stating a conclusion. |
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Term
| What are the rules of graphing? |
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Definition
a. Identify dependent (y-axis) and independent (x-axis) variables
i. The dependant variable is the variable you are measuring.
ii. The independent variable is the variable you are testing-or the one that you are changing.
a. Establish/calculate a scale for each axis.
i. What is the range for the data?
ii. How accurate do you need to be?
iii. What are my graph paper limitations (if any)?
b. Bar or line graph?
i. A line graph equals continuous data.
ii. A bar graph equals discontinuous data.
c. Label the x-axis and y-axis (designate units in parenthesis).
d. Title the graph: Independent Variable vs. Dependant Variable (*Same as data tables). |
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Term
| Rules of Data Table Design |
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Definition
a. Data Collection Guidelines:
i. Information collected during an experiment is called data. Always be careful, thorough, consistent and accurate when you are collecting data.
ii. Always complete as many repeated trials as is reasonably possible.
iii. Clearly identify the category of the independent variable.
iv. Clearly identify the category of data collected for the dependent variable.
b. Date Table Design:
i. Independent variable and levels of the independent variable.
ii. Dependent variable(s)
iii. The numbers of trials for each level of the I.V.
iv. All calculations used to analyze the data. |
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Term
| Continuous and Discontinuous Data: What is it and when is it used? |
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Definition
a. Continuous: Levels of the I.V. that are measurements based on a continuous metric or English scale.
b. Discontinuous: Levels of the I.V. that are distinct, discrete categories.
c. Quantitative Measurement: Continuous data collected using measurements based on a standard scale of metric or English Units.
d. Qualitative: Discontinuous data that is classified into discrete categories. |
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Term
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Definition
An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. An object in rest stays in rest unless acted upon by an outside force
i. Example 1: A baseball is pitched and then hits the ground (baseball = object in motion, and gravity = outside force)
ii. Rocket Example: When the rocket is launched into the air, the gravity starts the pull it down, and it acts as the outside force. |
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Term
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Definition
b. Newton’s 2nd Law: Acceleration = force/mass
i. Example 1: When applied with the same force, a marble will move faster than a bowling ball
ii. Rocket Example: In the bottle rocket lab the rocket with 1000mL of water went the highest because there was not enough force to make the heaver rockets fly. |
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Term
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Definition
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
i. Example 1: Amount of force on the road = the amount of force on the wheels, but in opposite directions
ii. Rocket Example: In the bottle rocket lab the rocket with 1000mL of water went the highest because since the force of water shooting out = the force of the bottle going up, the rockets with a smaller amount of water did not produce as much force as the rockets with larger amounts of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical Reaction: When substances are mixed and new substances are formed, a chemical reaction has occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| Endothermic: A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the environment is called and endothermic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction that releases heat |
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