What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Ex: Book, Desk, Air 

What are the 2 categories of matter? 

Mixtures and Substances 

Mixtures 

contain more that one kind of matter 

What are the two types of mixtures? 

Heterogeneous and Homogenous 

Heterogeneous 

A mixture that is different throughout

Ex: Chicken Noodle Soup 

Homogenous

Mixture which is the same throughout

(Homogeneous.. 2 o's are the same!)

Ex: Pepsi 

Can mixtures be separated by physical means?

YES! mixtures can be seperated by physical means 

Substance 

 can not be broken down by physical means

these are called -

ELEMENTS 

Meniscus 

The curve shown in a graduated cylinder

-Always read and the lowest point!- 

how is mass measured?

mass is measured using a mass balance 

True or False:

A balance is effected by gravity 

FALSE!

a balance is NOT effected by gravity 

Would a balance work on the moon?

YES! 

Indirect Measurement Method 

Used to find the mass of very large or small quantities:

Set up Proportion!

Vol. of small  amount of sand      Volume of Beach

Mass of small amount of sand        Mass of Beach 

Atoms 

the smallest part of an element 

Molecule

A bunch of atoms stuck together

Compound 

When a bunch of the same molecules stick together:

Na + Cl ---> NaCl

Atom   Molecule   Compound 

When water is at 0 degrees C it is called: 

Ice (32 degrees F) 

What happens to the molecules in a solid state? 

They vibrate but don't switch places with other molecules 

How do the molecules move in a liquid state?

the molecules move around fast and slip out of position 

At 100 degrees C water becomes a: (and degrees F)

Gas (212 degrees F) 

What are the three states of matter?

Solid, Liquid, and Gas 

How do the molecules move in a gas?

at higher temp. molecules

move so fast they bounce out

of the liquid and become a gas 

Melting Point

Changing from solid to liquid

Boiling Point 

the temp where matter

changes from a liquid to a gas 

Evaporation 

the transformation from liquid to gas 

Condensation 

When a gas turns to a liquid 

Sublimation 

when a solid turns into a gas 

what's an example of sublimation?

ice cubes shrinking in the freezer 

What is the fourth state of matter?

Plasma 

What are two characteristics of Plasma? 

 - Most common state of matter in the universe but rarely found on earth 

- has to be superheated to 10,000 degrees C so that some of the atoms will break apart 

What is the retention Factor? 

Dc

Dw 

what are three ways to separate a mixture?

-filtering

-sorting

-heating

 True or False:

Mixtures contain one or more kinds of substances 

false

One occupation in which you

would have to separate

mixtures in substances:

A doctor finding cures for diseases 

What are two things that can be used to find the volume of a liquid? 

-Graduated Cylinder

-Measuring Cup 

This is the smallest partical of a compound that retains the all the properties of a compound

Molecule 

How much bigger is a human cell compared to an atom? 

a trillion times bigger 

Carbonated soft drinks are . . . (homo or hetero) 

True or False:

All mixtures can be separated by Chemical Means. 

FALSE!

All mixtures can be separated by physical means 

What direction does the meniscus bend when mercury is being measured?

^^^^ UP! ^^^^ 

What is Density? 

A property which describes the relationship between mass and volume

D = m (grams)

       v (cm3)

What has higher density?

11.3g/cm3 or 8.33g/cm3? 

11.3g/cm3 

What is hardness?

Hardness measures a solid's

resistance to scratching 

Elasticity 

The ability to stretch and return to the original size is called elasticity 

Brittleness 

the tendency to shatter 

Ex: Safety Glass 

Malebility 

how it can be pounded into thin sheets 

Tensile Strength  

how far it can be stretched 

When a substance changes from a solid to a liquid does it's volume change? 

Yes, the volume changes 

Why is ice less dense than water? 

the molecules are more widely spaced in an ice cube 

Archimedes Principle 

The force placed on the object is equal to the weight of the water displaced 

Do all fluids exert the same buoyant force on an object? 

No 

Buoyancy 

the upward pressure a fluid exerts on 

How does a steel boat float? 

It floats because the water displaced by it is greater than the weight of the steel 

How does a Hot Air Balloon float?

It weighs less than the volume of air displaced 

Viscosity 

A material's resistance to flow 

The higher temp the               the viscosity

Lower

Ex: chocolate syrup -

cold.... more viscous

microwave.... runny - less viscous 

What happens to the viscosity of a gas as its tem. increases? 

The viscosity increases

Platinum is more tightly packed than copper 

Would a cube of solid silver

sink or float in liquid silver?

Sink, the cube is more dense 

Would you find is easier to float in the Dead Sea (1.166g/mL) or in a freshwater lake? 

Dead Sea - More dense 

What is the upward force of a liquid? 

Buoyancy 

Sea Level

< 100 degrees C =    1    sea level

1. >100 degrees C =    2    sea level

1. Below Sea Level

2. Above Sea Level

In winter you want your oil to have           viscosity

higher 

True or False

An object that will float in salt water will definately float in freshwater 

True 

A 4.5 N object is placed in a tank of water. If the water exerts a force of 2.6 N will  the object sink or float? 

Sink

gg <-- 4.5

~~~ <-- 2.6

the object is heavier and will sink 

A 4.5 N object is placed in a tank glycerin. If the glycerin exerts a force of 5.5 will the object sink or float?

FLOAT!

 gg <-- 4.5

~~~ <-- 5.5

The object is lighter and will float! 

What is the relation between velocity and viscosity?

High Velocity = Low Viscosity 

How is viscosity measured? 

viscosity is measured by velocity 

What are the three parts of the atom and their charges? 

Protons... Positive

Neutrons... Neutral

Electrons... Negative 

What does the atomic theory state? 

That all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms 

Greeks - Democritus 

Dalton 

Atomic Theory - elements are made of atoms, atoms of different elements are different

Father of Modern Chemistry 

Thompson

Electrons 

Rutherford 

Gold Foil Experiment

Nucleus 

Where are Protons and Neutrons found in the atom?  

in the center - nucleus 

Atomic Number 

The amount of protons an atom has 

Atomic Mass

 the total number of protons

and neutrons in an atom 

47

Ag

            107.87 <- Mass

How do you find the number of Neutrons? 

Subract the Atomic Number from the Mass

Atomic Mass - Atomic Number  = Neutrons

How do you find the amount of Electrons and Protons in an atom? 

The Atomic Number

Protons = Atomic #

Electrons = Atomic # 

Isotopes 

Elements or atoms with different numbers of neutrons 

Isotope Notation 

                         12 <-- Mass Number

C

                            6  <-- Atomic Number

There are        natural elements in the Periodic Table and        elements in total

There are 92 natural elements in the Periodic Table and 118 elements in total

In the periodic table, the horizontal rows are called... and vertical rows are called.... 

periods 

and

families/groups 

The size of an atom (grows/shrinks)

as you go down a vertical group

and (grows/shrinks) as you go

down a horizontal 

grows

 and

shrinks

Elements in the same group have similar... 

structure/ properties

Alkali Metals

Are found in group 1A

VERY reactive 

Noble Gasses

Also know as as Inert Gasses

Found in group VIIIA

Not reactive 

Valence 

the amount of electrons in the outermost energy level 

Oxidation 

refers to how many electrons an atom needs to gain or lose to become neutrally charged 

What force holds the nucleus together? 

Strong Nuclear Force 

What are the four first energy levels

in an electron cloud 

2

8

18

32

Bohr 

Chadwick 

Identified the Neutron 

True of False

Atoms are electrically neutral 

True 

Orbitals 

smaller regions or energy levels 

Mettaloids 

have a little bit of properties of metals and nonmetals

-located around the bold line 

If an atom gains an electron

it becomes          charged 

negatively 

If an atom loses an electron

it becomes          charged

positively 

when a metal bonds with a non metal 

called an ionic bond 

when a nonmetal bonds with a nonmetal 

covalent bond 

Who is the father of modern chemistry?

Dalton - atomic theory 

Metals lose electrons to become             charged

positively 

Force that holds the nucleus together? 

Strong Nuclear Force 

force that attracts protrons and electrons 

electromagnetic force 

when a compound is formed, the suffix

INE is replaced with 

IDE 

Metal + Metal 

Nothing (no bond) 

Metal + Nonmetal 

Ionic 

Nonmetal + Nonmetal 

Covalent 

Name the Compound:

CaO 

Calcium Oxide 

Combine:

Li⁺¹ and CrO₄^-2

Li₂CrO₄

6.02 x 10^-23

Avogadro's Number - is equal to 1 mole 

Octet Rule 

8 valance electrons - stable - full outer shell 

What's the Lewis Dot Diagram for Nitrogen?

(5 valence) 

..

. N ..

.

Ammonium 

NH₄ ⁺¹

ACETATE 

C₂H₃O₂^-1

CARBONATE 

CO₃^-2

CHROMATE

CrO₄^-2

HYDROGEN CARBONATE 

HCO₃^-1

HYDRONIUM 

H₃O

NITRATE 

NO₃^-1

PEROXIDE 

O₂^-2

PHOSPHATE 

PO₄^-3

SULFATE 

SO₄^-2

SULFITE 

SO₃^-2

Emperical Formulas 

Simplest whole number ratio

C₆H₁₂O₆ --> CH₂O 

MOLECULAR FORMULA 

actual formula

H₂0 --> H₂0

3 properties that are included in a physical change 

size, shape, state 

What are the seven diatomic molecules? 

H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I 

What does a balanced equation NOT tell you? 

doesn't say the exact conditions in which the reaction will take place 

Limiting Reagant 

the reactant that is in short supply 

Excess reagant 

the one that is not completely used up  

True or False:

Most New Steel is not recycled at all 

False 

What are two ways tires can be recycled? 

1. reused as barriers

2. Physically Changed 

Rubber is a... 

Polymer 

Hydrocarbons 

-burn in oxygen - release energy

- can be modified

-has a carbon chain 

Petroleum 

"black gold"

can be modified to produce plastics,

drugs, explosives, etc. 

3 examples of physical change 

water --> ice

water -->boil

paper --> rip

Lavoisier 

law of conservation of mass 

Exothermic reactions 

increase in temp

energy released 

Endothermic Reactions 

Endo - Cold

decrease in temp

Example of Exothermic Reaction 

Driveway heat 

example of endothermic reaction 

instant cold pack