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| stored energy due to position or chemical structure |
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| units of energy, work, and heat |
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calories or joules
1 cal=4.184 J |
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not the same as energy
motion of molecules |
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| all of the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism |
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| energy out + energy stored |
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| how to measure the energy we put into our bodies |
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exercise
basal metabolism
specific dynamic action |
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| all the physical work we do with our bodies |
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the work that goes on inside our bodies to keep us alive
~1 cal/hr x kg body |
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energy consumed in digesting and metabolizing food
fat 4%
carbs 6%
protein 30% |
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what you need a lot of to live
fats/oils-9 Cal/g
proteins-4 Cal/g
carbs-4 Cal/g |
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AKA triglycerides
fats-solid
oils-liquid |
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| example of monounsaturated |
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| example of polyunsaturated |
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| naturally occurring faty acids |
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Definition
| contain only even numbers of carbon in their chains |
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need them in our diet
omega-3, omega-6 |
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| saturation and melting temperature |
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Definition
saturated=solid at room temp. higher melting point
unsaturated=liquid at room tepm. lower melting point |
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Definition
number of g of I2 that can be added to 100g of the triglyceride
lower for more saturated fats/oils |
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Definition
taking something unsaturated and making it saturated
addition of H2 in presence of catalyst
changes melting point, texture, improves shelf life
not usually carried to completion
problem-converts remaining double bonds to unnatural structure |
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Definition
very rarely occur in nature
comsumption increases risk of coronary heart disease
decreases ratio of HDL:LDL
your body can't break down transfiguration |
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| average US trans fat intake |
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Definition
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Definition
as of 2006 required to show g of trans fat per serving
0g of trans fat means < .5g per serving |
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produced from saturated fat in your body
insoluble in water so body wraps it in lipoproteins-HDL, LDL, VLDL for transport |
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monosaccharides
disaccharides- sucrose, lactose
polysaccharides-starch, cellulose |
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beta glucose- forms cellulose
alpha glucose- forms starch |
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Definition
alpha linkage-gives off H2O, OH group points down
monomers coming together to make polymer
rings all lie in same plane
found in plants as amylose and amylopectin
we produce glycogen-animal starch
we can digest this due to alpha linkages |
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Term
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Definition
OH group points up
condensation reaction-gives off H2O
can't digest bc of beta linkages- need cellobiase
cows, sheep, etc. can because of bacteria in their diet
we still need it in our diet-fiber |
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Term
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Definition
lock and key mechanism
biological catalysts
only certain substrates fit certain enzymes
substrate bonds to enzyme which breaks it into 2 pieces |
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Definition
combination of beta galactose and glucose
rings lie one above the other |
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Term
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Definition
defieciency of enzyme lactase
usually gets worse with age
lactose tolerance-recent thing
amount of production controlled by genetics
large amounts of disaccharide passed through intenstines is bad
can take lactaid to help with digestion |
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Term
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Definition
most ethanol produced is currently made from corn
corn ethanol may drive food prices up
another source-cellulose
more difficult to get sugar out
can be accomplished using several expensive methods
new plant in vonore to make cellulosic ethanol from corncobs and switchgrass |
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Definition
monomers that form polypeptide polymers
20 naturally occurring amino acids |
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give off H2O
peptide bond |
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amide
bond between 2 amino acids |
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Definition
| sequence in which the amino acids are bound together in the peptide chain |
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hydrophobic
hydrophyllic
containing N
containing COOH |
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Definition
hydrogen on one amino acid is attracted to an O or an N on another amino acid
makes chain bend and coil |
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Definition
confirmation in space of the amino acids in a peptide chain
usually falls into 2 categories: alpha helix, beta sheet |
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Definition
3D folding pattern of protein
interactions of alpha helix, beta sheet, random coil |
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Definition
more than one individual protein strand is held together
subunits fit together for a purpose
hemoglobin-contains heme, prosthetic group |
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| 2 types of proteins/polypeptides |
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Definition
globular-water soluble
fibrous- not water soluble |
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Term
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Definition
574 amino acids
globular
complex protein in red blood cells
transports oxygen from lungs to body |
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Definition
polypeptide
globular
molecular weight 5800 amu
disulfide bonds (cystine)
produced in pancreas
insufficient production results in diabetes |
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genetic
pancreas stops producing insulin |
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mostly older people
related to obesity
can be genetic |
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pregnant women
body can't use insulin |
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one amino acid is wrong on 2 chains
found in people of west african descent
those who have it don't get malaria
totally distorts protein shape
impairs hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen
usually fatal if not treated |
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Definition
alpha keratin
fibrous
provides structure for specialized skin cells
found in nails, hooves, horns-hard and brittle (many cystine bridges)
found in hair and wool- soft and flexible (less cystine bridges) many alpha helixes |
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Definition
fibrous
many beta sheets
provides structure for specialized skin cells
found in silk, spider webs, feathers
strong but resists stretching
also in scales, claws, and beaks of reptiles and birds |
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Definition
fibrous
most important protein in our bodies (1/3 of our protein)
found in skin, tendons, ligaments, bones, and cornea
3 polypeptide chains helically coiled around eachother
extremely strong |
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Definition
protein/lipid complex to carry hydrophobic substances through the blood
HDL, LDL, VLDL |
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| sources of protein in our diet |
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Definition
have to have it
animal products may provide highest quality but there are still problems |
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Definition
very importatn in daily life
all commercial plastics are polymers
not all polymers are plastics |
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Definition
| material capable o being shaped into virtually any form |
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Definition
| molecule of high molecular weight formed through the repeated chemical linking of many smaller molecules (polymerization) |
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Definition
one of first ploymers of interest to humans
substance that stretches easily and returns back to its original shape |
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Definition
molecule adds to another molecule
no mass lost as chain extends
dominate commercial market
eg rubber |
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Definition
two molecules combine and lose a small simple molecule in the process( usually water, simple alcohol)
eg bakelite, nylon, polyester |
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Definition
all of the monomers are identical
eg -x-x-x-x-x-x-x- |
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Definition
polymer chain composed of 2 or more different types of links
eg -x-y-z-x-y-z-x-y-z- or
-m-q-p-e-a-l-t |
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| resin identification codes |
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Definition
| used in plastic recycling |
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Term
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Definition
coplymer
condensation polymer
more properly called PET
commercial leader among condensation polymers
(food storage bags) |
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Term
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Definition
most important polymer in US
first prepared in 1934
two types: low density and high density |
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Definition
LDPE
short unbranched chains off the main branch
low melting point, low density
tangled mess
flimsy trashbags |
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| high density polyethylene |
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Definition
HDPE
produced in early 1950s
prepared with organometallic catalysts that control the way monomers lonk as they are polymerized
containers holding liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| homopolymer and addition polymer chains can be isotactic-all on same side, syndiotactic-alternating sides, atactic-random auto trim, carpet, harder plastics |
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Term
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Definition
| polymerization of vinyl chloride makes a tough plastic (PVC) |
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Definition
used to make construction materials
can be brittle
chemicals are added to soften the plastic(plasticizer)
these can leach out over time |
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Definition
polyvinylacetate-safety glass, chewing gum
polyacrylonitrile-clothing
teflon |
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Term
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Definition
homopolymer and addition polymer
polyolefin
olefin-old word for alkene
thermoplastic
foams
lightweight used to make cheap plastic stuff |
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Definition
heated-softens
cooled-hardens |
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Term
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Definition
revolutionalized rubber industry
natural rubber has some problems: high temp turns it sticky, no longer an elastomer
serendipity: 1839 goodyear accidentally spilled a mix of rubber on a hot stove which resulted in a very elastic substance |
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Term
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Definition
vulcan- god of fire
sulfur cross linked the poly-isoprene chains resulting in a much more useful material |
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Definition
synthetic elastomers-
styrene butadiene rubber(tire treads)
neoprene (gaskets, auto parts, construction material) |
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Term
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Definition
brittle polymer formed from nitrocellulose
originally used as artificial ivory
used to make photo film, ping pong balls, knife handles
largely been replaced due to its flammability |
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Term
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Definition
thermosetting polymer-not plastic after formed
resistant to heat and electricity
used in construction materials |
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Definition
invented in 1930s at dupont
several different versions
copolymer
condensation polymer |
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Term
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Definition
can be drawn out into long, strong, silky fibers useful in textiles
used in toothbrush bristles and stockings
rationed for the war effort |
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Term
| polycarbonate/bisphenol A |
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Definition
found in applications that require high temp resistance and impact resistance (baby products)
BPA mimics estrogen in the body
currently being evaluated as carcinogen
can harm reproductive organs
research ongoing |
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Definition
not as common commercially-geologically important
quartz
asbestos-dangerous, causes lung cancer, doesn't burn |
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Definition
polymers you come in contact with are often copolymers or mixed with additives to give better properties to the material
our economy and society is built around polymers
important to polymer industry to keep cost of oil low |
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| substance applied directly to the human body to make it more attractive |
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Definition
hydrophobic-doesn't like water
hydrophillic-likes water
long chain of hydrocarbons )hydrophobic) connected to an ionic "headgroup"(hydrophillic)
when put in water it will accumulate at surface to accomodate both ends |
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Term
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Definition
| why water forms droplets or beads |
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Definition
surface active agent- surfactant
cleans by:
decreasing surface tension of water |
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Definition
all soaps are detergents
not all detergents are soaps |
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Definition
sodium lauryl sulfate
ammonium lauryl sulfate
triethanolammonium lauryl sulfate
all detergents |
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Term
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Definition
cortex-2 pigments: melanin and phaomelanin
stratum corneum-outer layer of skin
eccrine sweat gland-controls temp
apocrine sweat gland-makes you stink, bacteria ferments fluid
sebacceous gland-produces oil
made mostly of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
at pH of 4-6 tight cuticle, reflects light coherently, hair shines
at higher pH ruffled cuticle, scatters light, hair looks dull and flat |
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Definition
| water 60%, surfactnt 30%, acid 4%, conditioners 2%, fragrance 1%, formaldehyde .5%, other .5% |
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Definition
hard-contains salts of calcium, magnesium, and iron
combine with fatty acid anions and make soap scum
tis wastes soap and makes clothes look dull
can be fixed with water softener(Na+)
some commercial detergents have been developed that don't react in hard water |
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Term
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Definition
historically people used plant extracts and colored metals
now we use complex organometallic compounds
temporary-large molecules, easy to wash
semipermanent-smaller molecules diffuse into cortex
permanent-2 molecules combine in cortex to make a larger molecule that can't escape |
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Term
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Definition
hair's shape depends on arranement of chemical bonds within keratin
can have disulfide bonds(strongest), hydrogen bonds (weakest), or salt bridges
to change shape-break bonds, form hair, reform bonds
wet/dry style-wet hair, roll hair, dry hair
perms-2 chemicals: thioglycolic acid-smelly, peroxide |
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Term
| 2 pigments in hair cortex |
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Definition
melanin-dark
phaeomelanin-light
hair color depends on ratio of 2 pigments |
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Term
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Definition
put keratin on hair then flat iron for 2-3 hours
lasts 3 months
can be dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
protected by thin layer of hydroxyapatitie
plaque sticks to your teeth and harbors bacteria
bacteria produce acid that erodes surface of teeth
with daily removal of plaque, teeth can remineralize |
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Term
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Definition
you want something that scrapes away plaque, but not surface of teeth
fluoride-replaces hydroxly groups with fluorine making fluoroapetite
can cause fluorosis |
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Term
| skin care products: lotions |
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Definition
they are emulsions
usually contain mineral oil, wax, and water
locks in moisture |
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Term
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Definition
way of controlling body's temp
2 types of sweat glands-eccrine, apocrine |
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Term
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Definition
contain alluminum that shrinks sweat glands
reduce bacteria that causes odor |
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Definition
| mask odor and kill bacteria with antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
lipstick-contain special formulation of oils, waxes, hydrocarbons to give it texture
only small % is color
mascara-colors light tips of eyelashes to make them look longer
guanine-same chemical as in bat poop but bat poop not in mascara |
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Term
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Definition
4000 natural compounds
2000 synthetic compounds |
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Definition
chemicals themselves are neither good or bad
value lies in how we use them |
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Definition
| harmful sustance that can cause illness or death when it enters our bodies |
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Definition
| poison with a biological origin |
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Definition
| water, salt, nutmeg, ethyl alcohol, aspirin, potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
chemistry of the substance-whait does in the body
how much of it we are exposed to
how we are exposed-food,skin,air
how susceptible we are as humans
how susceptible we are as individuals |
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Term
| estimating lethal quantities |
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Definition
give substance to lab rats/mice and see how many die
due to differences and in order to get a statistical sampling-use large numbers
ethical issues |
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Definition
| amount that kills exactly 1/2 of a large population of animals |
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| naturally occurring toxins |
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Definition
clostridium botulinim
solanine
bufotoxin
muscarine chloride
strychnine
tubocurarine chloride |
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Term
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Definition
dioxin
nerve gases
parathion
sodium cyanide
isoflurophate |
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Term
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Definition
prescribed to pregnant women in europe as sleeping pill
passed several routine toxicological screenings
was not approved
produced thousands of birth defects
two forms- one causes defects one is a sedative
taken off market until recently
inhibits TNF-alpha
found to aid in leprosy, HIV/AIDS, |
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Definition
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| government safety related offices |
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Definition
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Term
moecules of the day:
isolated from bark of south american tree
has bitter taste
ingredient in tonic water
fluoresces under black light
used to treat malaria |
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Definition
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Term
200 times sweeter than sucrose
not metabolized by body
stable at high temp
slightly bitter aftertaste
aka ACE-K |
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Definition
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Term
found in beer
found in watermelon
has insecticidal activity
cockroach repellant activity
old man smell |
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Definition
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Term
fluoropolymer
discovered in 1938 by Dr Roy Plunkett
revolutionized polymer industry
most slippery material in existence
registered trademark of dupont
soil and stain repellant
nonstick cookware coating |
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Definition
poltetrafluoroethylene- PTFE
aka teflon |
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Term
absorbed in small intestine and metabolized in liver
increases risk for serious side effects including deep vein thrombosis
one of the most commonly used medications
found in most combination birth control pills and the patch |
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Definition
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Term
can be produced from glycerol by bacterium acetobacter
reacts with proteins in stratum corneum to produce a brown color |
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Definition
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Term
an essential amino acid
some individuals are unable to metabolize this
metabolic by-product of aspartame |
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Definition
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Term
originally developed to treat hypertension and angina
clinical trials showed that it had interesting side effects in males
patented by pfizer in 1996 to treat ED as little blue pill
has become popular drug worldwide |
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Definition
sildenafil citrate
aka viagra |
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Term
approved by FDA in 1950s
expectorant
thins mucous and lubricates airway
often packages with antihistamines
mucinex |
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Definition
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Term
naturally occurring metabolite of vitamin a
decreases secretions and size of sebaceous glands
teratogenic
accused of causing depression, psychosis, and suicide
used to treat severe acne |
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Definition
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Term
developed by US army in 1946
contained in 230 consumer products
used as pesticide
in products like off, repel etc
aka DEET |
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Definition
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