Term
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Definition
refers to the cultivation of bacteria "in a liquid nutrient growth medium".
No nutrients are added during cultivation and no waste is removed. |
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Term
| Bacterial Growth refers to an increase in cell size. T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotic cell division is always asexual. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria undergo mitosis. T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process used by prokaryotic bacteria to reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long is generation time for most bacterial species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four bacterial growth phases in vitro? |
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Definition
1. Lag phase
2. Log phase
3. Stationary phase
4. decline phase |
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Term
| In which bacterial growth phase are cells metabolically active, but no significant increase in number? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which bacterial growth phase are cells at maximum growth rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which two bacterial growth phases do we see the number of cells remain constant with some dying? |
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Definition
| Stationary phase & decline phase |
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Term
| What are three reasons bacterial cells die in the stationary phase? |
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Definition
1. nutrient depletion
2. toxic waste buildup
3. oxygen deficiency |
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Term
| Mycobacterium leprae causes what disease and is grown where? |
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Definition
| Hansen's Disease (leprosy) and is grown in the footpads of armadillos. |
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Term
| Treponema pallidum causes what disease and is cultivated how? |
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Definition
| syphilis and is grown in rabbits |
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Term
| What are obligate parasites? |
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Definition
organisms that can be cultivated ONLY inside living hosts.
ex. Rickettsia
ex. Chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to microorganisms with special nutritional needs that are often very difficult (or impossible) to cultivate on lab media. |
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Term
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Definition
Contains know quantities of precisely defined chemicals.
Useful for cultivating fastidious bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| ingredients in each "batch" vary slightly in chemical composition. |
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Term
| List some ingredients used in complex media |
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Definition
blood
serum
beef extract
soybean extract
yeast extract |
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Term
| List four types of media commonly used to cultivate bacteria |
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Definition
1. Brain Heart Infusion Broth
2. Nutrient Broth
3. Nutrient Agar
4. Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) |
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Term
| Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) |
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Definition
| the most commonly used media to cultivate fungal plant pathogens |
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Term
| What are the ingredients in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)? |
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Definition
| dextrose, potatos, AGAR, water |
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Term
| What are three types of special-purpose complex media? |
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Definition
selective
differential
enrichment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ingredients in Mannitol Salt Agar? |
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Definition
mannitol, salt, and phenol red (a dye)
MSA is used to differentiate between staph species. |
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Term
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Definition
contains live red blood cells (RBCs)
used to grow and identify strep species |
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Term
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Definition
media is enriched with sheep's blood and sodium bicarbonate.
used to grow Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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Term
| What are three microbial growth requirements? |
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Definition
1. Water
2. Inorganic Ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg++)
3. Organic Molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| All the biochemical reactions carried out by living organisms. |
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Term
| Name Four Different Salts |
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Definition
Sodium (Na+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Potassium (K+)
Magnesium (Mg++) |
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Term
| What are three functions of organic molecules? |
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Definition
1. Provide energy for cells to do work.
2. Accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions.
3. Serve as the structural component of cells. |
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Term
| Describe the metabolic pathway |
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Definition
| A sequence of chemical reactions in which the product (p) of one reaction serves as the substrate (s) of the next reaction. Each reaction is catalyzed (speeded-up) by an enzyme (e) |
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Term
| What are the two basic kinds of metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
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Term
| In catabolic pathways, organic molecules are oxidized. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two kinds of Catabolic pathways? |
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Definition
1. Aerobic respiration
2. Fermentation |
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Term
| Oxygen is required for fermentation. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The oxidation (breakdown) of glucose |
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Term
| Glycolysis is an aerobic process. True or False? |
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Definition
False
It is an anaaerobic process |
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Term
| What re two end-products of glycolysis? |
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Definition
-pyruvic acid
-2 ATPs per glucose |
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Term
| All fermentative pathways occur in the cytoplasm. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three sequential pathways of Aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
1. glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| The electron transport chain is anaerobic. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many units of energy are created in aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three sequential pathways in Anabolic respiration? |
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Definition
1. Molecules are synthesized
2. Chemical bonds are formed
3. Energy output is required |
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Term
| What is the primal source of energy for all life of earth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that use organic molecules (i.e. glucose) as their source of carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that use Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as their source of carbon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are two kinds of heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| chemoheterotrophs * photoheterotrophs |
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Term
| What are two kinds of autotrophs? |
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Definition
| chemoautotrophs * photoautrophs |
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Term
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Definition
*Use organic molecules
* most bacterial species
*ALL fungi, protozoa & animals |
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Term
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Definition
* use light
*a few rare bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
* use inorganic compounds
* a few bacterial species that make organic nitrogen available to plants. |
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Term
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Definition
* use light
* green plants
* cyanobacteria
* algae
photosynthetic organisms |
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Term
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Definition
- molecular oxygen is required for metabolism
Two types:
a) obligate aerobes
b) microaerophiles |
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Term
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Definition
molecular oxygen is NOT required for metabolism.
-metabolism is via fermentative pathways.
two kinds:
a) obligate anaerobes
b) aerotolerant anaerobes |
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Term
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Definition
-metabolism is by:
a) aerobic respiration (when O2 is available)
b) fermentation (when O2 is NOT available) |
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Term
| Obligate (strict) aerobes |
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Definition
*Thrive in ambient air (20% O2)
*In broth cultures - grow near the surface.
* have two enzymes able to break down two toxins present in aerobic environments
1. Superoxide
2. Hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
| What are the two enzymes present in Obligate (strict) aerobes? |
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Definition
1. Superoxide dismutase
2. Catalase |
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Term
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Definition
* Thrive in environments of low O2 and High CO2
* In broth cultures, grow in a narrow zone, slightly below the surface.
Examples:
Helicobacter Pylori - causes gastric ulcers
Neisseria gonirrhoeae - causes gonorrhoeae
Campylobacter jejuni - food poisoning |
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Term
| Obligate (strict) anaerobes |
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Definition
* Grown only in anaerobic environments
* are killed by Areobic environments
Example:
Clostridium species |
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Term
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Definition
* not killed in aerobic environments
* Metabolism is always fermentative (no O2 used)
*Grow everywhere in a broth culture
*Example:
Lactobacillus spp. |
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Term
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Definition
* grow everywhere in a broth culture
*metabolism: 1. Aerobic respiration
2. Fermentation
examples:
E. Coli
Bacillus species
Streptococcus species
Staphylococcus species |
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Term
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Definition
(pH = 6.5 - 7.5)
*Live in environments near neutral pH (7.0)
*Found in most fertile soils and inland bodies of water.
*Most bacterial species are neutrophiles.
*Most human pathogenic bacteria are neutrophiles. |
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Term
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Definition
pH 8.0 - 12.0
*found in marine environments
*ammonia rich soils (with manure)
example:
Vibrio Cholerae likes a pH of 9.0 |
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Term
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Definition
(pH of less than 6.0
*found in drainage waters from sulfur and iron mines.
Volcanic soils
Vaginal wall
*most bacterial species do not grow well at acidic conditions.
*Fungi prefer slightly acidic condiitons |
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Term
| Bacteria thrive in acidic conditions. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most bacteria grow over a temperature range of _______degrees Celsius. |
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Definition
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Term
| Optimal growth rate for enzymes is near the upper or lower limit of the temperature range? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*cold loving bacteria (0-20 C/32-68 F)
found in cold water, soil, some refrigerated foods. |
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Term
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Definition
*grow at moderate temperature (25-40 C/75-100 F)
*most microbial species
*ALL human infectious microbes and normal flora |
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Term
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Definition
*like very warm to hot temps (above 40 C/105 F)
*found growing in compost heaps, hot springs |
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