Term
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Definition
| The recognized violation of cultural norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| One category of deviance, it is the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviour (often informal like when parents scold their kids). It ma however sometimes formally involve the criminal justice system. |
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Definition
| A formal response by police, courts and prison officials to alleged violations of the law. |
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Term
| The Social Foundations of Deviance |
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Definition
1) Deviance varies according to cultural norms
2) People become deviant as others define them that way
3) Both norms and the way in which people define rue breaking involve social power |
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Term
| Durkheim's Functions of Deviance |
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Definition
1) Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2) Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
3) Responding to serious deviance brings people together
4) Deviance encourages social change |
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Term
| Robert Merton's Strain Theory |
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Definition
- Merton argued that deviance depends on the extent to which society provides the means to achieve cultural goals
- The inability to reach cultural goals causes strain
- He provided 4 responses to this strain:
1) Innovation - using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal
- 2) Ritualism - Sticking to the rules, but not pursuing the goals
- 3) Retreatism - Rejecting both cultural goals and means
- 4) Rebellion - Rejecting the cultural definition of success and forming a counterculture which supports alternatives |
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Term
| Cloward and Ohlin's Deviant Subcultures |
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Definition
- Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin proposed that crime results from the existence of accessible illegitimate opportunity structures as well
- These include conflict subcultures, retreatist subcultures and criminal subcultures |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions. |
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Term
| Primary and Secondary Deviance |
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Definition
| Edwin Lemert proposed the idea that is primary deviance (common norm violations which provoke little reaction) and secondary deviance (by which a person repeatedly violates a norm and begins to take on a deviant identity) |
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Term
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Definition
| A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpreting someone's past in light of present deviance. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a deviant identity is used to predict future action. |
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Term
| The Medicalization of Deviance |
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Definition
| The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition, a movement which has grown over the past 50 years. |
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Term
| The Difference Labels Make |
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Definition
1) Affects WHO responds to deviance (doctors or police)
2) Affects HOW people respond to deviance (treatment vs. punishment)
3) Affects the personal competence of a deviant person |
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Term
| Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
| The idea that a person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
Developed by Travis Hirschi; states that social control depends on people anticipating the consequences of their behaviour. He links conformity to 4 different types of social control.
- 1) Attachment - strong social attachments encourage conformity
- 2) Opportunity - the greater one's access to legitimate opportunity, the greater the conformity
- 3) Involvement - Extensive involvement in legitimate activities (holding a job, going to school) inhibits deviance
- 4) Belief - Strong belief in conventional morality/respect for authority figures restrain tendencies toward deviance |
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Term
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Definition
| Crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupation. |
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Definition
| The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf. |
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Term
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Definition
| A business that supplies illegal goods or services (ex. the Mafia) |
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Term
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Definition
| A criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crimes against people that involve violence or the threat of violence (including murder, manslaughter, infanticide, assault, etc.) |
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Definition
| Crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others (ex. theft) |
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Term
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Definition
| Violations of law in which there are no readily apparent victims (ex. prostitution or gambling) |
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Term
| Justifications of Punishment |
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Definition
1) Retribution - an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
2) Deterrence: The attempt to discourage criminality through punishment
3) Rehabilitation: A program for reforming the offender to preclude subsequent offenses
4) Social protection: rendering an offender incapable of further offenses either temporarily through incarceration or permanently by execution |
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Term
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Definition
| Subsequent offenses by people previously convicted of crimes. |
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Term
| Community-Based Corrections |
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Definition
| Correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| A policy that permits a convicted offender to remain in the community under the regular supervision of a probation officer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A policy of releasing inmates from prison to serve the remainder of their sentences in the local community under the supervision of parole officers. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Aboriginal community-based correction in which sentencing circles (which may include the accused, the victim, their families, etc.) determine a suitable punishment. |
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