Term
What are the blood supplies for:
Ascending and Proximal transverse colon
Remainder of colon to rectum
Upper rectum
Lower rectum |
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Definition
Ascending colon: SMA
Rest of colon: IMA
Upper rectum: Branch off IMA
Lower rectum: Iliac/internal pudendal |
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Term
| Define diaphragmatic hernia. |
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Definition
| A diaphragmatic hernia is a defect or hold in the diaphram that allows abdominal contents to move into the chest cavity. |
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Term
| Define omphalocele and a related statistic. |
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Definition
An omphalocele is an abdominal wall defect in which the organs remain outside the abdomen due the abdominal muscles not forming.
40% of these cases have other congenital defects as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to omphalocele where the organs develop outside the body but unlike omphalocele, the are not enclosed by a visceral peritoneum |
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Term
| Define Meckel's diverticulum and the rule of 2's |
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Definition
It is a congenital bulge in the small intestine. It can be made up of various mucosa, form carcinoid tumors and can rupture.
2% of the population
2x more common in males
symptomatic at 2 years of age
2 inches long
2 inches within the ileocecal valve |
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Term
| What is the most common astresia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cause of congenital aganglionic megacolon aka Hirschsprung? |
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Definition
| Defective NCC migration from the cecum to the rectum |
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Term
| What two types of ischemic bowel disease are caused by ASCVD? |
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Definition
| Arterial occlusion and Nonocclusive ischemia |
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Term
| This GI pathology has a 50-75% death rate and a short time between symptoms and performation with pain out of proportino to tenderness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Between mucosal, mural, and transmural infarction, which is the most severe? |
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Definition
| Transmural. It is due to a sudden occlusion, can become gangrenous and perforate within a few days. |
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Term
| If you see mucosal atrophy, ulcerations and mural fibrosis, what type of GI disease could this indicate? |
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Definition
| CHRONIC ischemic bowel disease |
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Term
| What is it called when there are toruous dilatations of submucosal and mucosal vessels in the cecum or right colon? |
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Definition
Angiodysplasia.
You will see varying amounts of bleeding and hematochezia (maroon colored stool) |
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Term
| Chronic constipation, pregnancy and liver cirrhosis can all cause... |
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Definition
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Term
This disorder is rare and found amoung whites. It has a characteristic mucosal lesion on the small intestine which occurs in the prestance of wheat glutin and gliadins or related products (HLA-DQw2 and B8)
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Definition
Celiac Sprue.
This is a cell-mediated hypersensitivity.
Cytotoxic T-cells + CD4 THCs which produce cytokines that cause damage. |
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Term
| Your patient presents with celiac sprue like symptoms but a culture reveals E.coli in the distal small intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the caustative agent of Whipple disease?
What are some microbiological findings? |
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Definition
Tropheryma whippelii.
Macrophages in lamina propria
rod bacilli that are PAS positive
Looks like TB but acid fast is negative |
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of disaccharidase deficiency? |
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Definition
| The lack of enzyme leaves more lactose in the gut lumen which creates an osmotic increase leading to diarrhea and malabsorption. |
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Term
This AR disease presents in infancy and is due to the failure of nutrient transport across the epithelium, leading to TG accumulation and fat soluble vitamin deficiency.
Name the disease and its characteristics on PBS. |
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Definition
Abetalipoproteinemia
Burr cells (acanthocytes) |
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Term
| What are some etiological agents of secretory diarrhea? |
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Definition
Rotavirus
E. coli
Villous adenoma
Laxatives |
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Term
| What are some etiological agents of osmotic diarrea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some etiologies of exudative diarrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the etiolological agent of pseudomembranous colitis? |
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Definition
C. diff overgrowth due to antiobiotics.
Causes acute colitis and adherent inflammatory exudate overlying sites and mucosal injury.
Dx: C. diff cytotoxin in stool
Tx: vancomycin |
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Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Has skip lesions |
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Definition
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Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Continuous colonic involvement but starts in the rectum |
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Definition
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Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Displays transmural inflammation, ulcerations, and fissures. |
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Definition
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Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Segmental transmural granulomatous inflammation of the bowel with ulcers, fissures and fistulas. |
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Definition
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Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Young, female, white |
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Definition
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Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Strictures, malabsorption, 5-6x increase in neoplasm risk |
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Definition
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Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Rectum, continuous, more common, non-granulomatous |
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Definition
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Term
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Bloody mucoid diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| One segment of bowel telescopes into another |
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Definition
Intussusception.
Happens in kids but in adults it means a mass or neoplasm is the underlying cause. |
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Term
| What is it called when there is a complete twisting of the bowel usually occuring in the sigmoid colon and small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of formation, what is the difference between hyperplastic polyps and neoplastic polyps? |
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Definition
Non-neoplastic
Abnormal mucosal maturation
Inflammation
Architecture
Neoplastic
Proliferation and dysplasia |
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Term
| Generally what is the cellular makeup of polyps? |
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Definition
Polyps are epithelial and arise from mucosa.
Submucosal tumors can for POLYPOID lesions. |
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Term
You see a hamartomatous malformation in the rectum of your patient and note it to be about 2 cm, round, smooth, and lobulated with a stalk.
Oh and btw your patient is 4 years old
Whats the pathology? |
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Definition
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Term
Your patient seems to have some hyperpigmentation on her face and hands. Further investigation reveals multiple hamartomatous polyps.
What do you suspect? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the three classifications of adenomas?
Which has the highest risk of malignancy? |
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Definition
Tubular, Villous, Tubulovillous.
If you see a villous adenoma thats larger than 4 cm, there is a good chance of malignancy. |
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Term
| What is the inheritance pattern of FAP? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| FAP + Osteomas = Gardner Syndrome |
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Term
| Adenomatous colonic polyposis + CNS tumors = |
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Definition
| Adenomatous colonic polyposis + CNS tumors = Turcot Syndrome |
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Term
| A singular polypoid with fungating (right) or stenosing (left) features. |
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Definition
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Term
Which side is which for the following Adenocarcinoma symptoms?
A) Fatigue, weakness, Fe deficiency
B) Bowel movement changes, cramps |
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Definition
Right-sided Adenocarcinoma
Fatigue, weakness, Fe deficiency, occult blood in stool
Left-side Adenocarcinoma
Changes in bowel habits, cramps, occult blood in stool |
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Term
| Which of the various neoplasms of the small intestine are benign? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the various tumors of the small intestine are malignant? |
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Definition
| Adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumor, lymphoma, sarcoma |
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Term
| Your patient has FAP, what is he now at risk for? Where would you find said risky...um, thing? |
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Definition
FAP increases your risk of Adenoma, usualy found in near the Ampulla of Vater.
You may see obstruction or intussuseption |
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Term
| You're about to start your first rotation and notice your first patient is suffering from an Adenocarcinoma. What sort of mental picture would you form of your patient? |
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Definition
Older, slim, possibly jaundice.
Complaining of cramping, nausea, vomiting, fatigue |
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Term
| What type of tumor can be functional? |
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Definition
Carcinoid
They can cause carcinoid syndrome, cushing syndrome, and ZE |
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Term
| People who suffer from H. pylori gastritis, IC, HIV, Celiac sprue or are Mediterranean are all at risk for what GI cancer? |
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Definition
| Gastrointestinal Lymphoma |
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Term
Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
B cells from MALT
Focal
Stomah
What is the type? |
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Definition
| Sporadic lymphomas (Western Type) |
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Term
Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
Long-term malabsorption
T-cells |
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Definition
| Sprue-associated Lymphoma |
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Term
Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
Malabsorption
B cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common tumor of the appendix? |
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Definition
Carcinoid.
Usually benign |
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Term
| Obstruction, cystadenomas, cystadenocarcinomas, and pzeudomyxoma peritonei all obstruct the appendix which can lead to... |
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Definition
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Term
| You know what peritonitis is so this is just a flashcard reminding you of the word. |
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Definition
Google/Youtube
Ron Paul
Peter Schiff
Rand Paul
Forget political parties.
Vote for America in 2012 |
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Term
| A rare tumor found in the peritoneal cavity that is associated with asbestos exposure. |
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Definition
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Term
Make sure you can define the following
Hernia
Adhesions
Ileus
Intussusception
Volvulus
Crohn Disease vs. Ulcerative Colitis
Diverticulum
Polyps - Peduculated, Sessile
Adenocarcinoma
Celiac sprue
Whipple disease |
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Definition
If you have trouble studying, stick to the basics:
What is it?
What would your patient look like with it?
What causes it? |
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