Term
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Definition
| process of uncontrolled cell growth due to increased division or decreased cell death |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormal mass of tissue
Growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue |
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Term
| what is the link between DYSPLASIA and NEOPLASIA? |
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Definition
| dysplasia can precede neoplasia |
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Term
| two big factors that define a MALIGNANT vs. a BENIGN tumor? |
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Definition
| malignant tumors INVADE and METASTASIZE |
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Term
| what is a SARCOMA? CARCINOMA? |
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Definition
SARCOMA-mesenchymal malignant tumor
CARCINOMA-epithelial malignant tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a tumor of the FAT--> most common benign tumor in males |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a tumor of the SMOOTH MUSCLE--> most common benign tumors in females |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign epithelial tumors arising from glands (exocrine/endocrine) or forming glands |
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Term
| what are INTERMEDIATE TUMORS? |
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Definition
| locally invasive, not benign, but no ability for metastosis |
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Term
| what is a CARCINOMA IN SITU? |
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Definition
-pre invasive cell proliferation
-cytological features of malignancy |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a COLON ADENOMA, the most common precursor lesion of colon cancer |
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Term
| what is a PAPILLOMA? POLYP? |
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Definition
PAPILLOMA-->finger-like projections
POLYP--> club like projection |
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Term
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Definition
| an adenoma with cavities or cysts |
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Term
| what is a SEROUS CYSTADENOMA? |
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Definition
| Cystadenomas with serous fluid in cavity |
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Term
| what is a PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA? |
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Definition
| Cystadenomas with papillary or finger-like projections protruding into cystic spaces |
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Term
| what is a MUCINOUS CYSTADENOMA? |
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Definition
| Cystadenomas with mucinous fluid in cavity |
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Term
| what is a MUCINOUS CYSTADENOMA? |
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Definition
| Cystadenomas with mucinous fluid in cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenoma with proliferation of fibrous tissue – seen in breast |
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Term
| what are the two types of POLYPS? where are they usually found? |
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Definition
sessile- no stalk, more clubbed
pedunculated- distinct stalk
*polyps usually found in colon |
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Term
| what is an ADENOMATUS POLYP? |
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Definition
| Club-shaped growth arising from glands or forming glands |
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Term
| what is a HYDATIDIFORM MOLE? what malignant form of cancer can this progress to in a percentage of patients? |
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Definition
Benign tumor of cells lining placental epithelium (cytotrophoblast /syncytiotraophoblast) LOOKS LIKE A BUNCH OF GRAPES
*can progress to CHORION CARCINOMA |
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Term
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Definition
| benign tumor originating from the melanocytes |
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Term
| Nomenclature of malignant epithelial tumors (carcinomas) - based on what? |
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Definition
| the cell of origin e.g. adenocarcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
Malignant testicular tumor
Origin – Germ cells in testicular epithelium
Most common malignant testicular tumor |
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Term
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Definition
Origin – Melanocytes
Highly malignant tumor |
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Term
| Nomenclature of malignant epithelial tumors based on gross appearance of tumor |
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Definition
| papillary, medullary, scirrhous, mucinous |
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Term
| what is unique to BASAL CELL CARCINOMA PROLIFERATION? |
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Definition
| usually malignant tumors spread to lymph nodes, BASAL CELL CARCINOMAS burrow down into tissue like "rodents"--> cause tissue damage |
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Term
| characteristics of a TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA? |
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Definition
| usually in elderly patients that will complain of BLOOD IN THE URINE with NO PAIN |
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Term
| what diseases can lead to HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA? |
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Definition
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Term
| ***a patient with undescended testes is most likely to develop which kind of tumor?*** |
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Definition
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Term
| where are MEDULLARY tumors usually found? |
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Definition
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Term
| who typically gets OSTEOSARCOMA? |
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Definition
| young/adolescent patients often in long bones around knee |
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Term
| what is a RHABDOMYOSARCOMA? typical patient? |
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Definition
| tumor of the skeletal muscle-->typical patient is young |
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Term
| difference between LEUKEMIA and LYMPHOMA |
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Definition
has to do with the ORIGIN of the tumor
LEUKEMIA-->bone marrow
LYMPHOMA-->lymph nodes
both can spread to either spot |
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Term
| what is a MIXED TUMOR? example? |
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Definition
from ONE germ layer, but >1 cell type
*PLEIOMORPHIC ADENOMA --> salivary gland |
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Term
| what is a TERATOMA? another name? |
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Definition
| teratoma= originating from >1 germ layer and >1 parenchymal cell type--> also called a DERMOID CYST *they are BENIGN* |
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Term
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Definition
| disorganization/overgrowth of the normal tissue in the correct place--> usually asymptomatic and undetected without imaging |
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Term
| what does MONOCLONAL mean? |
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Definition
| derive from a single precursor cell--> both benign and malignant neoplasias are monoclonal |
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Term
| how is MONOCLANALITY assessed? |
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Definition
-G6PD iso-enzyme studies
-Human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA)
-Monoclonality of cells of lymphoid origin*** |
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Term
| how is the MONOCLONALITY OF LYMPHOID CELLS determined? |
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Definition
*look at GENE REARRANGEMENT
T cells--> T cell receptor gene rearrangement
B cells--> Ig gene rearrangement studies by molecular diagnostic techniques |
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Term
| how do you determine whether a tumor is BENIGN or MALIGNANT? |
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Definition
APPEARANCE and BEHAVIOR of tumor:
-Rate of growth
-Differentiation and anaplasia
-Local invasion
-Metastasis |
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Term
| what percentage of nomal tissue cells are reproducing at a given moment? benign tumors? malignants tumors? |
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Definition
normal ~ 1%
benign tumors ~10-20%
malignant tumors ~20-80% |
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Term
| what type of growth responds well to CHEMO? what types are resistant to chemo? |
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Definition
cells within the cell cycle respond best to chemo
RESPONSIVE- rapid growth
RESISTANT-Cancers with slow growth "INDOLENT TUMORS" |
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Term
| what is an INDICATOR of cell proliferation? |
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Definition
-atypical mitosis
-Ki-67 or PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) score--> stains for proteins that are involved in mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
Degree to which cells or tissues resemble their normal progenitors, both morphologically and functionally
little differentiation is good
lots of differentiation is bad |
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Term
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Definition
| no differentiation of cells |
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Term
| are BENIGN TUMORS well differentiated or poorly differentiated? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a SENTINEL LYMPH NODE? |
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Definition
| 1st node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from primary tumor-->DETECTS SPREAD OF CANCER |
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Term
| what cancers most often metastasize to the bone? |
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Definition
| prostate, breast, and lung cancer |
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Term
| what serological finding can be an indication of BONE CANCER? |
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Definition
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Term
| difference between OSTEOBLASTIC and OSTEOLYTIC bone cancer? |
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Definition
OSTEOBLASTIC= Radio-dense loci noted on X ray
OSTEOLYTIC=Produce lucencies in bone on X ray – Path. fractures--> ACTIVE OSTEOCLASTS |
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Term
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Definition
| -By looking at the MITOTIC INDEX and DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIATION of the tumor under the microscope --> done by PATHOLOGIST |
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Term
| what are the GRADES of a cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the STAGING of a tumor based on? |
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Definition
-size and spread of the NODE-->done by ONCOLOGIST
-TNM system (lower # better, higher worse)
T = Tumor size (least important)
N = Node
M = Metastasis (most important)
*MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF PROGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT |
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Term
| what aspect of DOUBLING makes cancers so difficult to treat? |
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Definition
| By the time, a solid tumor becomes clinically detectable (***30 doublings), it has already completed a major portion of its life-span--> lethal after just 10 more doublings |
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Term
| why does CHEMOTHERAPY often not work as a first approach in treatment of a tumor? |
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Definition
| by the time tumors get big enough to be detectable, most of the cells are not dividing (only ~20) which means they wont be affected by chemo--> first cut out some tumor and then much higher remaining % will be dividing |
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Term
| how would you recognize TISSUE ATYPIA? |
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Definition
A. Abnormal size and shape formations
B. Loss of Polarity |
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Term
| how would you recognize CELLULAR ATYPIA? |
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Definition
-cellular pleomorphism
-nuclear change
-increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio (1:1 instead of normal 1:5) |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in size & shape of cells and nuclei->sign of cell atypia |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of dark staining nuclei-> sign of cell atypia |
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Term
| the characteristics of ANAPLASIA are shared by DYSPLASTIC CELLS and by NEOPLASIA with what exception which only neoplasia has? |
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Definition
| bizarre tumor giant cells--> sign of ANAPLASIA |
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Term
| why do malignant tumor show necrosis? |
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Definition
| lack of vasculature in center of the tumor-->ischemic necrosis |
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Term
| what is DESMOPLASIA? what type of cancer sees this? |
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Definition
| Hyperplasia of activated fibroblasts--> seen in breast cancer |
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Term
| ***what factors are important in angiogenesis of tumor tissue?*** |
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Definition
VEGF-vascular endothelial GF
FGF- fibroblast GF |
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Term
| what are the two exceptions of malignant tumors that don't metastasize? |
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Definition
| basal cell carcinoma, gliomas |
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Term
| how does METASTASIS occur? |
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Definition
-local tissue metastasis
-lymph node metastasis |
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Term
| What are the various Routes of metastasis? |
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Definition
-seeding of body cavity
-lymphatic spread
-hematogenous spread |
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Term
| ***what is an example of SEEDING OF THE BODY CAVITY?*** |
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Definition
| route of metastasis--> OVARIAN CANCER has tumors which shed cells into the peritoneum which grow |
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Term
| ***be able to recognize lymph node with adenocarcinoma (glands in the lymph node) from a slide*** |
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Definition
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Term
| what are METASTATIC CARCINOMAS that AVOID the LYMPHATICS? |
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Definition
| renal cell carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma |
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Term
| what are the two sites where cancer often goes via HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD? |
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Definition
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