• mild winters, rich soil= perfect for agriculture
• easy access to sea and inland
• location makes it appealing for people= bigger armies
• makes it a communication hub
• wood used for charcoal
• tiber river ran thru= longest river in Rome
• "All roads lead to Rome"

Why are our literary sources for the history of Rome during the monarchy problematic? 

All made up.

"An old story and a few facts."

Events written many centuries after they were supposed to have taken place.
Writers felt free to fill gaps with fiction

What made Aeneas appealing as one of the founders of the Romans? 

Had Pietas:devotion to family, gods, and country

- son of Venus, raised by crippled father who he saves him (and his son) during fall of Troy

- Leads Trojan survivors to Italy, fights a war to marry Lavina (king of the Latin's daughter)

 - BUT Aeneas could not have possibly founded Rome. 400 years too early!

- Aeneas and the Trojans join the Latins. Descendants eventually Romans.

- Romans took Greek myth myth and blended it with their own myths to create unique history and identity

What is the traditional date (year only) for the founding of Rome?   

Who was the divine parent of Romulus and Remus?  

She-wolf

[image]

What threat did Romulus and Remus survive as infants, and how did they survive it?  

How was the naming of Rome decided?  

Words to know:

Virtus

Pietus

Dignitas

Auctoritas

• Valor, manliness, excellence, courage, character, and worth, perceived as masculine strengths
• Devotion to family, god, and country
• reputation for worth- the honor or esteem one enjoys
• the power that comes from respect- prestige

How did Romulus first try to attract people to his city?  

What did he do to ensure a permanent population?  How was the war that followed ended?  

Said it was a safe haven, only men come.

Go to Sabine, rape their women.

This causes war, but Sabine women run into the battle to stop the bloodshed. This causes a treaty and 2 nations became 1 state, power shared. 

What are the two explanations for the end of Romulus’s life?  

Murder or Apotheosis (climax)

either way, made city uneasy

What is Tarpeia's story?  

For what is Numa Pompilius known?

Sabine!

Man of peace (romulus was man of war) who established framework of Roman state religion- priesthood, vestal virgins, cults, instructions, calendar

How did Numa give extra authority to his actions?  

What aspect of the legends of early Rome is related to Rome’s location and is reflected in what archaeology has uncovered about early Rome?  

Involvement of gods and destiny (Venus and Mars): shows respectibility and prestige

Groups of different people: greek influence caused melting pot and different people contributed to growth and greatness. Emphasized ethnic purity.

- assimilation will allow Rome to acquire an empire and keep it!

excavated foundations, people lived in huts

[image]

What type of society seems to have developed in Latium in the 9th and 8th centuries?   

Become financially and culturally wealthy from greeks, phoenecians, and Etruscians

Greater wealth increases population and start of upper class (military strength as well)

Became a true city.

- seperate communites merges into one urban area

- central authority 

- centralized planning for the community

- community's financial and human resources put together to benefit community

- monumental construction: huts turned to stone.

- prosperity coincided with reigns of final 3 kings

What are the two possibilities for the place of origin of the Etruscans?  

Old theory- Lydia was in Asia Minor (Italy)

Recent DNA tests date back to Asia Minor origin wasn't Italy

What is problematic about surviving Etruscan writing?  

What is our best source for information about the Etruscans?

Discuss Etruscan art, lifestyle, and their women

- loved life, wealth, and to play

- women: high status, educated, kept their name, could own property, free to move, can associate freely with men, expert drinkers, very attractive

- art: greeks have realistic statues, etruscans are naturalistic (wider stance and muscle detail). Arches and vaults are etruscan architecture

What was the political organization of the Etruscan states?

Loose federation of city-states.

- not united, fatal flaw, could not defend each other

- society dominated by wealthy aristocracy

- Romans overtake them because loose confederacy in 13th century

How did Tuscanic temples differ from Greek temples? 

Tuscanic:

[image]

[image]

In addition to agriculture, what was the major source of their wealth?

Identify fasces and curule chair

Fasces: Etruscan trappings of high political office (came the term, fascist). Have less sinister associations such as republican govt, strength, authority

Curule chair: Only used for highest office. Mearly a folding stool with 2 hinges

The story of Tarquin the Elder’s migration to Rome reinforces what characteristic of early Rome?  

He was pushed to move to Rome by his wife Tanaquil when she saw the good omen of an eagle and cap. 

- shows knowledge of augury and Etruscan women

For what are Tanaquil and Tullia known?  How do their stories relate to the status of women at this time?  

Both Tulius and Tarquin (husbands of the ladies) took the thrown of predecessor, never elected. Most likely at suggestion of these women. 

Shows that women have influence over men. 

How did the two Tarquins supposedly alienate the people? 

How did the last two rulers of Rome break with custom when they came to power?  

What does this suggest was their real political position? 

Were not voted in 

......

What is the relevancy of the Satricum inscription to the political situation at the end of the sixth century? 

“. . . The companions of PubliusValerius erected to Mars”

idk revelency..

What are the two traditions for Servius Tullius' origins?  

- Credited with originating the census and new assembly (Centuriate Assembly) which had a military organization. Gave more power to cross section of population. 

- Credited with Servian wall, but wasn't built until 390.. not Servius.

What prodigy suggested that Servius would rise to greatness? 

How is Servius said to have shifted some political power away from the landed aristocracy?  

By creating a new census and assembly, he gave more power to a cross section of the population. 

(similar to Greece)

With what surviving physical structure in Rome is Servius Tullius associated?

The Servian Wall.

Built in 390, not Servius

What is the traditional year for the end of the monarchy? 

What scandal brought about the overthrow of the monarchy?

Superbus was next (son or grandson of Priscus)

- Resents Servius (took power without right)

- He was married to Tullia (daughter of Servius, strong Etruscan woman)

- Tarquin throws Servius out of senate, then Servius is murdered (possibly at Tarquin's)

- Tullia finds him dead and announces Tarquin King

*Maybe ask him to clarify story

For what are the following famous: Lucretia  

Raped by her son, Sextus Tarquin.

Aristcratic men were talking about their wives, so they all leave to check on them. They're all out partying except for Lucretia, who's sewing. Superbus falls in love with her, but Sextus falls in lust. He threatens that if she doesn't have sex with him he'll have a slave rape her and then kill them both. So she has sex with him, and then the next morning she tells her husband and stabs herself with a daggar. This was a catalyst of the revolution that destroys the monarchy. 

For what are the following famous:

L. Junius Brutus

"Blockhead"

- son of King Tarquin's sister (cognate)

- Brought by Lucretia's husband, L. Tarquinius Collatinus

- he says he will take Lucretia's daggar and drive Superbus out of power

- all members of Tarquin's clan expelled, including the husband of Lucretia!

- Brutus is faced with attempted overthrow by his 2 sons

- becomes one of the republic's first consuls along with Collatinus (husband of Lucretia)

- considered as the father of the republic

Lars Porsena (508-504 range)

- Etruscan king or adventurer

- besieged Rome and may have taken it (so he could have actually ended monarchy)

- attacks Latin cities until defeat at Africa

Known for 3 famous legends during his time:

1. Horatius Cocles at the bridge- during war, stopped routed soldiers and ordered them to tear down bridge into Rome while he fought off Etruscans. 

2. Mucius Scaevola ("Lefty")- Posenna frightened into peace negotiations after he puts his hand in fire.

3. Cloelia- Leads a group of female hostages across river from Posenna's camp. Honored by both Etruscans and Romans. Etruscans build statue in her honor. 

What was the main distinction between Patricians and Plebians?

(Patricians)

- origin of class unknown

- class developed during course of monarchy

- hang on to religious power as well as political power

- worried some families received too much power, not kings

- can't overthrow families, so power must be distributed

- status hereditary (must be related)

- controlled the state: govt, religion, people

- tried to monopolize political and sacred power

- of 99 people in high office, only 1 wasn't patrician

What was the main distinction between Patricians and Plebians?

(Plebians)

- distinction was social (family), not economic or racial

- majority of population

1. Protection:

- treated poorly, put in slavery if in debt and stayed until paid off.

- lots of wars losing land and property to enemies

- service in war had no pay and had to have own equipment

- land reform, powerful families control access to public land

2. Ambition:

- want offices in power

- want diect access to laws and legal system

What was the Law of the Twelve Tables, and what was it not?  

- produced by 10 men

- not a bill of rights

- not a legal code

- pronounced law, but only tribunes knew it 

- "existing law and custom"

- rules of marriage, family, debt, religious regulations

- more social matters

What was the date of the Law of the Twelve Tables?  

What was the significance of the lex Canuleia?  

What did the Licinio-Sextian laws do for the plebs and what was the year?

367

- conuslar tribune (military tribune with consular authority) abolished

- consolship restored

- praetor created

To what do the terms intercessio, provocatio and patrum auctoritas refer?

Intercessio: political veto of a magistrate against the actions of any other magistrate of inferior power.

Provocatio: right of appeal- guarenteed by law

Patrum auctoritas: senate had to approve of legislation in advance, couldn't block legislation after passing

What did the lex Poetilia and the lex Ogulnia do for the plebs? 

Lex Poetilia: End of debt slavery

Lex Ogulnia: Most priesthoods open to plebs

            - quotas started to include plebians

            - priests kept calendars and could dub bad omens

What did Cnaeus Flavius do for the plebeians?

Opened legal system.

Procedures and legal phrases printed and opened to public

What did the Hortensian law do for the plebs and what was its date?

287

Votes of the people unconditionally have force of law

What safeguards against tyranny were there in the republican magistracies?

Know the basic duties of these people:

 quaestors, aediles, tribunes of the people, praetors, consuls, and censors.

Quaestors: primarily financial officers and assistents to those in higher positions. 

Aediles: provided for the material wellbeing of the people. Responsible for care of city (streets, supplies, buildings). "imagines"

Tribunes: only non-patricians allowed. duty to protect lives and interestd of plebs. could "veto" other offices. 

Praetors: administration of justice. oversaw courts, judged themselves or told others to. 

Consuls: replaced the kings. 2 annually elected. combination of president and military leader. Curule chair.

Censors: ex-consuls only. highest power. conducted census. assigned people to classes. can add/take away people from senate. manage state contracts and leases. wore purple toga. 

quaestors -> praetors -> consuls -> consuls

Who made up the assemblies?  

- All male citizens who attended

- voter must be present

- no secret ballot until 139bc

- assemblies had to be called by appropriate magistrate

- no discussion allowed. only voting 

How was voting in the assemblies slanted to favor the wealthy and powerful (unit voting)?  

Which assembly elected the highest magistrates?

Centuriate Assembly

- originally the army

- divided into centuries based on wealth and then age

- could pass laws

- decare wars or accept peace

- heard trials involving capitol punishment

What was the ius imaginum?  

Who made up the Roman senate, and what powers did the senate legally have?  

- men were wealthy ans wise

- not directly elected, enrolled by censors

- gave opinions, could NOT pass laws

- consul made sure their opinions were followed

- controlled finances, dictated fereign and domestic policy, approved legislation of assemblied, oversaw administration

- 300 men

What pay did magistrates and members of the assembly receive?

What was imperium and which magistracies held it? 

"power to command"

dictator

consuls

praetors

What is the meaning of the term sacrosanctitas, and to which magistracies did it apply?  

gave plebian tribunes religious authority...

Which magistracy was able to veto all other magistrates and the assemblies?  

tribunes of the people 

"tribuni plebis"

How did the office of dictator fit into the republican system?  

usually to command an army or a specific task.

held highest imperium.

limited term: 6 months or end of task

What was prorogation?  What was the pomerium? 

prorogation: extension of imperium of officials whose term as ended or individual has accomplished their task

pomerium: sacred boundary of Rome