Bedroom from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor from Boscoreale

-2nd style

-trompe l'oeuil elements show virtuosity

- linear perspective

-meant to be explored, has little "hidden areas"

House of Jason at Pompeii

-shows "bad women"- Medea, Phaedra, and Helen

Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii

mid 1st CBCE

-may represent Dionysiac cult 
-figures at the corners continue the scene onto the next wall

-nearly life-size figures engage the viewer 

Garden image from the Villa of Livia (wife of Augustus) at Primaporta

-~20 BCE

-from a "crypto porticus" (underground room)

- 2nd style of painting

- it's not actually possible for everything to bloom at the same time

- Romans saw value in cultivated land

Black Room from Villa of Boscoreale

-late 1st century BCE

-tall, skinny pylasters

- black walls "celebrate the relative flatness"

-3rd style of painting

- tiny landscape- too small for the viewer to "escape" to it

Polyphemus and Galatea from the "Mythological Room" of the Imperial Villa at Boscotrecase

-late 1st CBCE

- Polyphemus is pining for Galatea- shows his non-monstruous side, evokes sympathy

-otherwordly landscape provides viewer "travel"

- Galatea is a sea nymph.

The Laestyrgonians Attack

-mid 1st CBCE

- figures are secondary to landscape

- uses atmospheric perspective- objects further away are out of focus, light and shadow used to foreshorten

-shows Greek identity and knowledge of myth

- use of concrete (no access to marble)

- use of the arch (possible with concrete, much harder to do with stone)

- marriage of the trabeated style with the arcuated style

- use of Greek architectural orders

Sanctuary of Jupiter at Terracina

2nd CBCE

-temple doesn't survive, only platform

- shows spectacular nature of Roman art- overlooks ocean, would have been visible from town below

- concrete barrel vaults

- uses "opus incertum"- rocks form foundation and are covered with concrete

Sanctuary of Fortuna 

2nd or 1st CBCE

-uses both trabeated and curved architecture

- copies Hellenistic architecture

- symmetry provides a "desirable view"

- movement from darkened hallways to bright light

Temple of Portunus (God of Harbors)

Late 2nd CBCE

-Greek in that it has ionic columns, pseudo-peripteral colonnade (some parts of perstyle are engaged columns), used tufa as a building model

-Roman in that it has porch (but it's concrete-covered)- it's almost like a mini Capitoline temple

Theatre of Pompey

Rome, 55 BCE

-first permanent (non-wooden) theatre in Rome

- built with Pompey's personal wealth from spoils of war

- built on flat ground (not on a hillside, like an amphitheater would require)

- barrel vaults, concrete allow structure

- criticized at the time for showing such massive hubris

- had a portico-enclosed square adjacent that showed war artifacts and Pompey's family history

Forum of Julius Caesar

46 BC

-contains temple of Venus Genetrix (purported ancestor of Caesar)

- portico had some statues in it, but it really just existed to frame forum

- not completed in Caesar's lifetime- he died in 44 BC

- Augustus completes the monument later

veristic- interest in showing not only the real flaws of people, but exaggerrated versions of those flaws

- deep wrinkles and sagging skin showed age (and therefore wisdom) and commitment to serving the Republican

-reaction to Augustan, "everyone-looks-17" art

- shows gravitas and pietas

Portrait of Julius Caesar in Green Basanite 

end of 1st CBCE

- made of green basanite

-rumored to be commissioned by Cleopatra

- 

Statue of Augustus as general from Primaporta, copy of bronze original

ca. 20 BCE

- accompanied by Cupid (Augustus "descended from" Venus)

- right after his victory over Antony. Positive image combats the horror of civil war

- always represented himself as youthful

- modeled after the Doryphorous

- Military dress + bare feet = combination of Greek and Roman identities

Mausoleum of Augustus

25 BCE

- made of tufa, concrete, and travertine

- was in Rome, but mimics Etruscan temples

- roofed on each level, with trees planted in those roofs (domination of landscape?)

Pyramid of Gaius Cestius

sometime before 12  BCE

- along road outside of Rome 

- pyramidine form product of the "Egyptomania" in Rome after the Battle of Actium

- concrete with marble revetment 

-later incorporated into Aurelian walls

Tiberius (14-37 CE)- Augustus's nephew

Gaius (Caligula) 37-41

Claudius 41-54

Nero 54-68

Aqueduct at Nimes, France (Pont-du-Gard)

-shows Roman domination of the landscape, spectacle

- ~30 miles long. Brings water to the town using mostly gravity

- nature reorganized for the good of the empire

- not designed to be purely functional- also shows interest in beauty

- shows the people of the provinces the power of the arch (and of Roman concrete)

Maison Carree late 1st CBCE

- Corinthian columns, clear front 

- on a high podium, has a pseudo-peripteral colonnade (some columns are engaged)

-possibly made while Augustus was still alive

The Augustan arch at Rimini

27 BCE

-brick-faced with travertine

- a triumphal arch petrifies the moment of a general's victory. This one celebrates the completion of Via Flaminia (a road to Rome)

- medieval addition made later

Portrait of Tiberius

- 14-37 CE

- adopted son of Augustus (his nephew)

- interest in looking like Augustan portraits- youthful face, cap-like hair, dome-shaped head

- built himself a "pleasure palace" (Villa Jovis) on Capri

-retreated physically from Rome, psychologically from the public life

Gemma Augustea

~25 CE

- a cameo (relief on a gem or glass that uses multiple layers of color to contrast the background with the foreground)

- public symbolism on a private artifact

- Upper Section: shows Augustus as Jupiter (has staff, eagle) with goddess Roma. Possibly the representation of Augustus after death.

- Being crown by Oikoumene, the goddess of the civilized world. Her crown is city walls with a veil.

- Earth & sea deities next to throne

- on left, Tiberius stepping out of chariot  -> succession

- other guy is probably Germanicus, who was supposed to succeed Tiberius, but died

Lower Section- 

- barbarians. They have wild hair.

- one figures has a torque, which the Celts wore

- Roman soldiers erected a trophy- some kind of impromptu monument with the insignia of the conquered

- Who was this made for? It was made in onyx, surely expensive. Perhaps to be shown to private royal circles, not to a mass audience

The Octagonal Rome from the Domus Aurea

64 CE

-part of Nero's pleasure palace in Rome.

- concrete being used to its fullest potential in a domestic setting- not just for foundation, but for entire room

- marble floors, marble used on upper story for what seems like the first time

- built by Severus and Ceter

- two of the connecting rooms use groin vaults- first time in a domestic setting.

- decorated with spindly lines, small figures to emphasize flatness of the wall

Vespasian (69-79)

Titus (79-81)

Domition (81-96)

Nerva (96-98)

-----

Trajan (98-117)

Hadrian (117-138)

"fleshy", pudgy face, youthful

dome-like head

sort of absurdly neat carved curls, maybe to express personal virility

The Colesseum (Flavian ampitheater)

72-80 CE

-Vespasian drains the lake from Nero's Domus Aurelia to use its foundation to make the colesseum -> correcting Nero's mistake by appropriating his palace for the public good

- finished by Vespasian's son Titus

- a "double theater" of gladiatorial combat and animal combat

-seats 50,000

- revetted with travertine (removed during Middle Ages)

ground level = doric

2nd floor = ionic

third floor = engaged corinthian columns

4th floor = engaged corinthian pylasters

Arch of Titus

CE 81

-marble and travertine

- celebrates victory in the Judean wars

- Titus died, arch finished by his brother Domitian

- 110 water fountains

-Victory placing a crown on Titus's head

- relief sculpture of Titus being transported on a chariot

Forum of Trajan

sometime between 98 and 117 CE

- built by Apollodorus of Damascus, master builder

- made with funding from the spoils of Dacian wars

- much larger than the fora of Caesar, Augustus, or Nerva

- Trajan had 1000 ft of an adjacent hill flattened to make room for his forum (domination of landscape hoooo)

- markets of Trajan built up the side of the same hill

-used white marble

Basilica Ulpia

- Ulpia is the family name of Trajan

- contained Greek and Roman libraries

- rounded apses are  called "hemicycles"

- had a column with an equestrian statue of Trajan

-used white and colored marble

- attic level of porticoes has statues of captured Dacians. trousers show that Dacians are barbaric

-basilica has coffered ceiling

Column of Trajan

-first time we see a Roman column with a narrative on its outside.

-Trajan's ashes on inside it. also a staircase

- In antiquity there may have been balconies nearby so people could see the upper levels of the narrative

- relief relates Trajan to the Greek emperors

The Baths of Trajan

-place to socialize, do business, exercise

- baths = assertion of Roman identity

- built over part of the Domus Aurelia

- astonishing lavishness, but it's ok because it was for the public

- library contained within. shows desire to exercise body as well as mind

Pantheon (Rome)

- Roman characteristics: use of concrete, use of the arch, marriage of trabeated style and arcuated style, use of Greek column orders

- 2 pantheons preceded it

- Hadrian recreating history (inscription refers to Augustus's building guy), relating himself to Greek emperors

- porch is the same as the Capitoline temple

- used to have a portico yard and a triumphal arch (creates a vista)

- coffers on dome support it

-use of stone from the provinces shows the wide reach of the empire

- marble revettment and decorative columns hide concrete ("a Roman building wearing Greek clothes")

- light from oculus is centered on the summer solstice

- drain in the middle of the floor removes rain water

Hadrian's villa at Tivoli (125 CE)

- shows Hadrian's interest in the art of imperial villa

-decorated with art from the provinces, to show reach of empire and dominance

- uses multiple Greek architectural orders

- man-made canal- probably a representation of the Nile

- Apollodorus of Damascus insulted Hadrian's architecture ("go play with your pumpkins"), so Hadrian had him  killed

The City of Timgad (Africa)

-City built by Hadrian for retired soldiers.

- square "castrum" plan (like a Roman military camp)

- intersecting cardo and decumanus with forum at the intersection

- theatre

- arch at the city entrance, colonnaded street (creates a vista, draws the eye down the street to the arch

Severan Basilica of Leptis Magna (Syria)

- Emperor Severus reigned (193-211) born in Leptis Magna, spent a lot of money on the city

- an ancient city Romanized: had triumphal arch, basilica, Severan forum, cardo and decumanus

- carved pylasters frame apses

-columns covered with pink stone from Egypt- sign of how much money was spent on city

- cardo and decumanus do not run perfectly north-south, but were paved in such a way as to preserve the vista of the basilica  from the street

Portraits of the 4 Tetrarchs from Constantinople, ~305

-little (4'3") men without musculature, perfectly pleated skirts -> representational, not mimetic

- made of Poryphory (rare stone)

- shows 2 Augusti (high emperors) and 2 Caesars (low emperors) embracing, supporting each other

- eyes like the art of Palmyra

- more interested in showing the idea of a tetrarchy than 4 individual portraits

Arch of Constantine (312-315 CE)

-commemorates victory against Maxentius. C and M were part of the 2nd tetrarchy, Constantine messed it up

- bound Dacians from the forum of Trajan are reused. Constantine took statues from multiple Roman monuments (to associate himself with past emperors?)

- Constantinian frieze- Ad locutio (address to the people)- can see typical 4th-century interest in pattern by looking at the heads of the crowd

-incised drapery

The Basilica at Trier (Aula Palatina), Trier, Germany

early 4th CE

-audience hall from the palace of Constantine

- made in brick. Would have been stucco'd in antiquity

- square engaged columns are a product of the material shape

- looks much more provincial than Roman. No marble or concrete

- the windows in the apse are slightly shorter than the windows in the nave, which makes them look farther away -> nave seems longer

- squared-off arch at the apse is like a triumphal arch

- wooden roof