using the speaker’s credibility, authority and trustworthiness to support an argument.

Ex. According to the CDC... 

using emotion to support an argument

Ex. Pet support commercials 

signifying a general, intangible concept

Ex. Faith 

specifying something tangible, able to be experienced with the five senses

Ex. Fruit 

used in casual conversation, often associated with particular regions of the country

Ex. He dumped me 

specialized language of a profession or other group

Ex. Medical Vocabulary

the implied or understood meaning, how a word is used

Ex. Heart = Love <3 

the dictionary definition of a word

Heart = Internal Organ 

a recently invented word or phrase

Ex. Prequel

an old-fashioned word of phrase no longer used

Ex. Jeepers 

similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses

Ex. She enjoyed warm sand but avoided the forbidding water

a series of similarly structured elements having the same length

Ex. Many will enter, few will win

contrasting ideas placed side by side

Ex. He liked fast cars and slow women

the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance

Ex. A man has four obligations; himself, his family, his country, and his god

the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of decreasing importance

Ex. They need a hero Bolt, someone who, no matter what the odds, will do what's right. They need a hero tell them that sometimes the impossible can become possible if you're awesome!

placement of two items (ideas, words, phrases, style items, etc…) next to each other

Ex. Tom wrote in black sharpie on the white posterboard 

inversion of natural or expected  word order

Ex. "You doubt me? You idiot!! Says Wordsworth" (Kuroshitsuji)

Also... "The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls"

insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow

Ex. A dog (not a cat) is an animal that barks.

of an adjacent, coordinate, explanatory element

Ex. Ana, my niece, is a great singer 

repeating the same root in different forms

Ex. Me, myself, and I 

omission of a word or words readily implied by context

Ex. I love music, my friends, and anime

omission of conjunctions between a series of clauses

Ex. He was a winner, a hero

opposite of asyndeton, a superabundance of conjunctions

Ex. He was kind and smart and witty and sweet and just every girl's dream

repetition of initial consonants in two or more adjacent words

Ex. Downtown Denver

repetition of similar vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of adjacent words

Ex.

"With a thousand lies

And a good disguise

Hit em right between the eyes

Hit em right between the eyes"

You're Gonna Go Far Kid - The Offspring

the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses

Ex. 

"Cry little sister - (Thou shall not fall)

Come, come to your brother - (Thou shall not die)

Unchain me, sister - (Thou shall nto fear)

Love is with your brother - (Thou shall not kill) 

Cry Little Sister - Aiden

repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause

Ex. I am Sam, Sam I am

repetition of exact words, in successive clauses, in exact, reverse grammatical order

Ex. I say what I mean is not the same as I mean what I say

repitition of grammatical structures in reverse order in successive phrases or clauses

Ex. Oh, you haven't, haven't you? 

reference to one thing as another, implying a comparison

Ex. She is the apple of her eye

explicit comparison of one thing to another

Ex. As cunning as a fox 

a whole is represented by naming one of its parts

Ex. All hands on deck 

reference to abstractions or inanimate objects as though they had human qualities or abilities

Ex. The moon smiled

use of exaggerated terms for emphasis or effect

Ex. Jumping off the walls

understatement used deliberately

Ex. "He chose... poorly" (Indiana Jones) 

understatement used deliberately, where a thing is affirmed by stating the negative

Ex. Heat waves are not rare in the summer

placing two ordinarily opposing terms adjacent to one another. A compressed paradox

Ex. Unbiased opinion 

seemingly contradictory statement that contains a measure of truth

Ex. War is peace

use of words whose sound corresponds with their semantic value

Ex. Bang (Death Note)

something that represents or suggests something other than what it is literally

Ex. XIII - Bad Luck (Black Cat)

an indirect reference to a historical event or person, literary work or character or religious text

Ex. "These are not the droids you're looking for" (Supernatural xD mind control) 

a contrast between expectation and reality – types = verbal / situational / dramatic

Ex... Case Closed/Detective Conan, Shrunken Shinichi, and all the various slip up's of Conans as well as Ran's intuition that Shinichi saved her when Conan saved her... I'm obsessive don't judge! 

words and phrases evoking sensory experiences from the reader

Ex. Splattered with red strawberries, cheesecake is white and shining with a creamy, irristable taste that melts in your mouth.

words which connote an author’s attitude about his subject

Ex. Critical 

an ideal form;  a universally understood symbol; a model of characteristics, personality or behavior

Ex. City - Rules

extended comparison between 2 unlike things, whose purpose is to explain something unfamiliar

Ex. The island is a cork (Lost) 

language that is substituted for more explicit language

Ex. Let go - Fired (Up in the Air) 

an exaggeration that is often unrealistic and sometimes comical

Ex. Gulliver's Travels

an inanimate object or abstract thing as if it were human

Ex. Oh western wind why do you blow? 

a question directly posed, but to which no answer is expected

Ex. Are you serious?! 

a personal story or example used to make a point in a larger work

Ex. When I was young I spent all my free time at the river, but today all children seem to do is be on the internet rather than spending their time outdoors.

who or what that performs or expresses the verb

Ex. Girl, boy 

the action or state of being 

Ex. Growling

what the verb is being done to

Ex. Wolf 

relationships among words in a sentence, often illustrating location, direction, amount or manner

Ex. Under

takes the place of a noun

Ex. He, she 

it is unclear to which subject a pronoun refers to

Ex. Take the radio out of the car and fix it!

the basic building block of a sentence – clause types = independent / dependent / adjective / noun

Ex. "Life moves pretty fast. (Independent) If you don't stop and look around once in a while, (Adverb) you could miss it (Independent)." (Ferris Bueller's Day Off)

the subject or idea to which a word or phrase refers

Ex. My roomate and I are good friends. 

the noun a pronoun refers to

Ex. She - Girl, He - Boy

main idea (subject / verb) comes first, followed by subordinate clauses

Ex. The boy fell because he climbed too high.

Subordinate clauses come first, then main idea (subject / verb) concludes the sentence

Ex. Because he climbed too high, the boy fell. 

to acknowledge and accept as true or valid

Ex. The test was difficult, but not impossible 

to prove wrong by argument or evidence

Ex. Then again abortions are actually less dangerous than teen child birth 

a category of arguments with errors in reasoning; often presented as true; misleading arguments

Ex. Columbus is the capital of the United States.

attacks the person, not the issue

Ex. Lance Armstrong used sterioids so his achievements are meaningless 

assumes that because one thing is allowed, other, more grievous things will follow

Ex. The government really needs to crack down on oil companies or next thing you know gas will be $5 a gallon. 

everybody’s doing it, so you should too

Ex. Millions of women are already using the new perfume

a statement or argument that leaves out relevant considerations / evidence 

Ex. Education is not as good as it used to be, obviously teacher's are not doing their jobs

“does not follow” – part of a statement may be true, but what follows is not true and may not even be related

Ex. Men are humans. Mary is a human. Therefore, Mary is a man.

we should continue to do it this way because we’ve always done it this way

Ex. I believe in God. Christianity has been around for centuries, so he must exist. 

a conclusion based on too little or too selective evidence

Ex. After the president raised taxes, crime went up, so he is responsible 

assumes a statement’s conclusion is true without sufficient evidence

Ex. The belief in God is universal. After all everybody believes in God.