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A statement or an argument based on a false or invalid inference.
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A course of action that seems to lead inevitable from one action or result to another with unintended consequences.
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authority, emotion, logic. Rhetorical arguments in which the speaker: either claims to be an expert or relies on information provided by experts (appeal to authority), attempts to affect the listener’s personal feelings (appeal to emotion) , or attempts to persuade the listener through use of deductive reasoning (appeal to logic).
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The use of identical or equivalent syntactic constructions in corresponding clauses or phrases.
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A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation; a particular tendency or inclination, especially one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question; prejudice.
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a discussion involving differing points of view; a debate with real evidence and proof.
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When a writer appeals to readers’ emotions (often through pathos) to excite and involve them in the argument.
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| A logical fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive, generalization based on insufficient evidence. I commonly involve basing a broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group that fails to sufficiently represent the whole population. It opposite fallacy is called slothful induction, or denying the logical conclusion of an inductive argument. |
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| post hoc, ergo proctor hoc |
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Latin phrase- “after this” or “after the event.
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to demand by or as by virtue of a right; demand as a rigt or as due; an assertion of something as a fact.
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the act of conceding or yielding, as a right, a privilege, or a point or fact in an argument.
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an elaborate comparison of two things that is too dissimilar.
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| Greek- “suffering” or “experience” represents an appeal to the audience’s emotions, feeling of pity and sorrow. |
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| Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles |
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| reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect) |
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| originating in or based on observation or experience |
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| proving by facts and clear rationale |
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| Non-scientific observations or studies, which do not provide proof but may assist research efforts |
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| attacking an opponent’s character rather than answering his argument |
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| the quality in a person or society that arises form a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. |
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| a fallacy(misleading) in logical argumentation |
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| capable of being believed; believable |
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| a basis of belief, action, or argument |
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| refutation (counterargument) |
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| an act of refuting a statement, change; disproof |
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| the power of persuading, to convince |
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| persuading by the use of reasoning .Greek |
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| cause/ movement that by its mass appeal or strength readily attracts many followers |
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| language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience, but is often regarded as lacking in sincerity or meaningful content |
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| information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation etc |
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| the act of offering a suggesting something for acceptance, adoption, or performance |
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| misleading, or false notation, belief |
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| understatement, especially that in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary, as in “not bad at all”. |
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| an opposition or contradiction |
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| the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication |
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| ethical appeal, means convincing by the character of the author |
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| the means of communication, as radio and television, newspapers, and magazines, that reach or influence people widely |
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| a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing |
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| a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing |
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| a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth |
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| the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses |
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