Defects that weaken arguements.

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The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption.

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Rhetorical arguments in which the speaker: either claims to be

an expert or relies on information provided by experts (appeal to authority), attempts to

affect the listener's personal feelings (appeal to emotion), or attempts to persuade the

listener through use of deductive reasoning (appeal to logic).

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Recurrent syntactical similarity where several parts of a sentence or several sentences are

expressed alike to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences equal in importance. It

also adds balance, rhythm, and clarity to the sentence.

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Taking any known fact and argue against it

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When emotion is used to distract the audience from the facts. 

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Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or just too small).

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Post hoc, ergo proctor hoc

Assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B.

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Giving in to part of the opposition's argument in order to lower the opposing side's defenses.

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A comparison that is used to demonstrate a point but which is invalid.

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When the writer appeals to the readers' emotions.

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Conclusion or type of reasoning whereby observation or information about a part of a

class is applied to the class as a whole. Contrast with deductive.

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The reasoning process by which a conclusion is drawn from a set of premises and contains

no more facts than these premises.

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A provable fact that shows unquestionable results; it is the observable proof that knowledge was gained by data, rather than hypothesis, or conjecture. 

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Proven by facts

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Non-specific observations or studies, which do not provide proof but may assist research efforts. 

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Attack the person not the argument 

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Taking one's own culture as the standard of good by which all cultures should be judged.

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When faulty reasoning occurs in argumentation or rhetoric.

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Able to believed; convincing; reliable.

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Minor premise

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The process of proving something wrong by argument and evidence. 

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The state or fact of being persuaded or convinced.

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Represents the part of the argument based on reason, solid facts, and sound information. 

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Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation. 

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The art or science of all specialized literary uses of language in prose or verse, including the figures of speech; the study of the effective use of language; the ability to use language effectively.

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Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicized a particular cause or point of view usually related to politics. 

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The act of offering or suggesting something for acceptance, adoption, or performance.

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Occurs when a speaker makes a claim (usually a premise in an otherwise valid deductive argument).

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Is a counter-proposition and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition. 

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Is a figure of speech in which the understatement is employed for rhetorical effect.

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The portion of the essay of speech that acknowledges the opponent's position and gives evidence or argument against it. 

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A fallacy by which a key word or phrase in an argument is used with more than one meaning.

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When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on presentation of image of self through the text. 

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The means of communication, as radio and television, newspapers, and magazines, that reach or influence people widely. 

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The substitution of a mild of less negative word or phrase for a harsh or blunt one.

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The contrast between what is expected or what appears to be and what actually is.

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Two opposing ideas or concepts to form a new idea or concept.

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Repetition at the beginning of each consecutive sentence.

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