A mistaken belief, esp. one based on unsound argument.

e.x. “You can’t prove that there aren’t Martians living in caves under the surface of Mars, so it is reasonable for me to believe there are.”

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Contrast within parallel phrases (not to be confused with the ordinary use of the word to mean “extreme opposite”): “Many are called, but few are chosen.” The term can also refer to literary characters who, though not necessarily antagonists, represent opposite personal characteristics or moral views.

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Repetition of one or more words at the head of consecutive phrases, clauses, or sentences: “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

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This is the strategy of understatement often employed to provide subtle emphasis, frequently for ironic effect or to underline a passionate opinion: “The assassin was not unacquainted with danger.”

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a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. “He went to his final reward” is a common euphemism for “he died.” Euphemisms are also often used to obscure the reality of a situation. The military uses “collateral damage” to indicate civilian deaths in a military operation.

greek

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a statement that seems to contradict itself but that turns out to have a rational meaning, as in this quotation from Henry David Thoreau; “I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude.”

(Latin paradoxum, from Greek paradoxon)

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using the same general structure for multiple parts of a sentence, or for multiple sentences in order to link them all

Ex: The manor-designed for beauty and grace, built for durability and strength, and located for privacy and safety- ws the ideal home for those three children

english origin

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a form of argumentation, one of the four modes of discourse; language intended to convince through appeals to reason or emotion.

late Middle English  < Latin

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A situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected
or understood and what actually happens or is meant. Irony is frequently humorous, and
can be sarcastic when using words to imply the opposite of what they normally mean

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Information or rumor deliberately spread to help or harm a person, group, or institution

latin

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the power or ability to attract, interest, amuse, or stimulate the mind or emotions

latin and french origin

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a party, cause, movement, etc., that by its mass appeal or strength readily attracts many followers

american origin

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Bias

a particular tendency or inclination, especially one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question; prejudice.

old french origin

e.x. i like vanilla ice cream thus i will be more inclined on buying vanilla ice cream for a party.

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english origin

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Concession

An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges thevalidity of an opponent's point.

The audience gets the impression that the person capable of making frank confessions and generous concessions is not only a good person but a person so confident of the strength of his or her position that he or she can afford to concede points to the opposition."

latin

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Credible

offering reasonable grounds for being believed

We've received credible information about the group's location.

Middle English, from Latin credibilis, from credere

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the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations

a study of Greek language and culture

Middle English, cultivated land, cultivation, from Anglo-French, from Latin cultura, from cultus, past participle

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Equivocation

subject to two or more interpretations and usually used to mislead or confuse, undecided

When I go to galleries to see new art. … I don't care about what I see unless it holds my eye, and that is an almost involuntary experience

Late Latin

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The main means of mass communication regarded collectively: "the campaign won media attention".latin

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a basis for belief, action, or argument <ground for complaint> —often used in plural <sufficient grounds for divorce>

english

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(Greek for 'character') refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker. Ethos is often conveyed through tone and style of the message and through the way the writer or speaker refers to differing views. It can also be affected by the writer's reputation as it exists independently from the message--his or her expertise in the field, his or her previous record or integrity, and so forth. The impact of ethos is often called the argument's 'ethical appeal' or the 'appeal from credibility.'

 f Ghandhi and his followers included passive resistance.

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Pathos

persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. We can look at texts ranging from classic essays to contemporary advertisements to see how pathos, emotional appeals, are used to persuade. Language choice affects the audience's emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively be used to enhance an argument.greek

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Rebuttal

A refutation or contradiction

english origin

in the presidential debate both candidates rebutted endlessly.

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Proposal

i propse we get a dog.

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Deductive logic

Def: starts with a general case and deduces specific instances.Ex. All oranges are fruits. All fruits grow on trees. Therefore all oranges grow on trees.

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Inductive logic

reasoning from a specific case or cases and deriving a general rule. It draws inferences from observations in order to make generalizations, (may be incorrect) . Look at how these people are behaving. They must be mad.

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Slippery slope

fallacy in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question. In most cases, there are a series of steps or gradations between one event and the one in question and no reason is given as to why the intervening steps or gradations will simply be bypassed.

"We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they'll be charging $40,000 a semester!"

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Sentimental appeals

Sentimental appeal (n) is when emotion is substituted for reason and no attempt is made to indicate logically why the end argued for should be accepted. An example: "Death panels will pull the plug on grandma."

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Argument of fact

You take any known fact and argue against it. So for instance if you said global warming is affecting the temperature of the Earth, you could argue and reveal points that suggest otherwise.

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refutation (counterargument)

You state an argument. "I hate peas."
Someone counters the argument with "But they're good for you."
You refute the counter argument and say "Not if they are boiled into oblivion."

"Refutation is the part of an essay that disproves the opposing arguments. It is always necessary in a persuasive paper to refute or answer those arguments.

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Faulty analogy

A faulty analogy would be one with no logical similarity. If I describe my dissatisfaction with the local produce department as being tired of the horse race, it's a faulty analogy, because no one is racing anything.
Drawing a similarity that simply isn't there is a false analogy.

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Logical evidence

a general truth to a particular truth (deductive process) or from particular truths to a general truth (inductive process). Logical evidence is the evidence that is derived from either of this process. An evidence is a material thing that will tend to prove a truth of a theory or proposition.

if the suspected father of a caucasian boy is a German teacher, the logical evidence would be DNA test result will also provide logical evidence of the soldier's fatherhood.

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Empirical evidence is a provable fact that shows unquestionable results. It is the observable proof that knowledge was gained by data, rather than hypothesis, or conjecture.

reading a thermometer. No matter who observes it the thermometer still displays the same temperture.

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• Hasty Generalization- Making assumptions about a whole group based on a sample.
• My roommates said physics class was hard, and the one I'm in hard too. All physics must be hard.
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A logical fallacy is simply a failure of logic. Arguments that are said to be fallacious have gaping holes or misleading leaps in their structure and reasoning."

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Post hoc, ergo proctor hoc

This fallacy follows the basic format of: A preceded B, therefore A caused B, and therefore assumes cause and effect for two events just because they are temporally related (the latin translates to "after this, therefore because of this").

bill went with bob to the store, when they came back bob was bleeding, bill had to be the one who hit bob.

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Rhetoric

A rhetorical question is normally one that does not expect an answer. It is commonly included for its effect on a reader or listener. So a paragraph in a book might begin: 'Who, then, controlled the army?', thus confronting the reader with the issue to be discussed but not expecting him or her to answer the question.

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Either/or fallacy

if anyone believes that it can be either this or either that and not come to a reasonable decision, that person is on the fence period. Being on a fence is Fallacy. On the fence is only an excuse for inaction or a lack of commitment

is when people thought that gargoyles are/were evil. They are not, gargoyles were put on churches to keep away evil spirits.

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Anecdotal evidence

The expression anecdotal evidence refers to the use of particular instances or concreteexamples to support a general claim.

The writer makes his living by anecdotes. He searches them out and carves them as the raw materials of his profession.

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