Term
Where in the electrophoretic pattern are Ig's found?
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Definition
| When subject to electrophoresis @ pH 8.6 they will appear mostly in the gamma region |
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Term
| Describe the basic structure of an Ig. |
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Definition
| 4 chain polypeptide units that consist of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains held together by disulfide bonds |
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Term
| What part of the Ig has Ag binding capacity? What is it's makeup? |
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Definition
| FAB fragment. 1 L chain and 1/2 H chain |
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Term
| Which region of the Ig is responsible for specificity? What is another name for this region. |
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Definition
| variable region aka the Ag recognition unit |
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Term
| What is the difference btwn Kappa and Lambda? |
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Definition
| kappa is a monomer and makes up 2/3 of all light chains; lambda is a dimer and makes up 1/3 of all light chains |
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Term
| why are monoclonal Ab's used in lab tests so frequently? |
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Definition
| they are engineered to bind to a single, specific Ag---thus, offering greater specificity |
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Term
| Give 4 factors that influence immune response. |
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Definition
| age, dose of the immunogen, route of innoculation, & genetic capacity |
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Term
| Give 4 traits of immunogens |
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Definition
| 1. macromolecular size 2. chemical composition and molecular complexity 3. foreigness 4. the ability to be processed and presented w/MHC molecules |
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Term
| Determinant site on an Ag |
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Definition
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Term
| nonimmunogenic by itself, but can become so if bound to a larger carrier molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| additive that helps immunogens stay in circulation as long as possible giving Ab's more time to build and produce an immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| determines if body accepts or rejects transplanted organs/tissues; activates tcells by flagging Ag's |
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Definition
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Term
| How is it that the 2 Ag binding sites are able to operate independently |
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Definition
| the hinge region allowing flexibility of the sites |
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Term
| complement plays a major role in the inflammatory response to foreign Ags. List 4 immunologic fx's of comp. |
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Definition
| 1.opsonization 2.chemotaxis 3. cell lysis 4. anaphlatoxis |
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Term
| Fruit->Apple->Granny Smith..."kines" |
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Definition
| Cytokines->Lymphokines->Interleukins |
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Term
| autocrine stimulation of cytokines |
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Definition
| affects the same cell that secreted it |
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Term
| paracrine stimulation of cytokines |
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Definition
| affects target cell in close proximity |
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Term
| term describing cytokines that have systemic effects |
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Definition
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Term
| a single cytokine has many different actions; affects activities of more than one kind of cell, and can also have multiple effects on the same cell |
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Definition
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Term
| What IL initiates proliferation of T&B cells, stimulation of LAK cells and cytotoxicity of NK cells |
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Definition
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Term
| IL that demonstrates antiviral activity by inhibiting viral protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| IL that differentiates hematopoetic stem cells (cell precursors)that are not yet committed to a specific lineage |
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Definition
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Term
| IL that is secreted by cells such as macrophages, Nk cells, T&B cells, and serves as a primary defense against malignant growth in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| IL that enhances proliferation and differentiation of B cells |
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Definition
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Term
| IL that promotes the growth and differentiation of eosinophils and activation of mature eosinophils to kill parasites more effectively |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the body is complement synthesized |
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Definition
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Term
| deficiencies of complement may result in what 2 effects on the imune system |
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Definition
| increased susceptibility to infections; accumulation of immune complexes w/ possible AI manifestations |
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Term
| classical or alternative complement pathway? activated by immune complexes (IgG & IgM) |
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Definition
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Term
| classical or alternative complement pathway? activated by microbes (viruses, fungi, bacteria) |
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Definition
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Term
| classical or alternative complement pathway? activated by lipopolysaccharides + polysaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| classical or alternative complement pathway? activated by Ag-Ab complexes |
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Definition
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Term
| classical or alternative complement pathway? binding occurs in numerical order more or less |
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Definition
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Term
| classical or alternative complement pathway? involves c3 at beg. and mid. of pthwy |
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Definition
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Term
| classical or alternative complement pathway? involves B & D protein |
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Definition
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Term
| name the 3 stages of the classical comp cascade (units of) |
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Definition
| recognition unit, activation unit, MAC |
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Term
| list sequence of protiens in the classical cascade |
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Definition
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Term
| list the sequence of proteins in the alt. comp cascade |
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Definition
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Term
| at what protein do classical and alt pthwys become similar |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the enzyme produced bythe activation unit |
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Definition
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Term
| what protein is in greatest quantity in the complement cascade |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 chemicals must be present to activate complement |
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Definition
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Term
| give 2 fx's of cell bound regulators |
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Definition
| 1. control the proliferation of complement products 2. assist in the desruction of foreign particles that originally triggered complement |
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Term
| what protects cells from bystander lysis |
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Definition
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Term
| when C3 is cleaved off and deposits on healthy cells activating complement and lysis of a healthy cell is called |
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Definition
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Term
| give 3 negative effects of complement activation in the body & examples of such diseases |
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Definition
tissue damage-SLE, GP, MG
excess comp deposits-pulmonary & hemolytic edema
tissue particles can clog glomeruli causing glomerular nephritis |
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Term
| cause and manifestation of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
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Definition
| missing DAF, cells are subjects to bysatnder lysis when resting and complement is triggered |
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Term
| assay that measure the comp cell lysis- qualitative measuring fxal ablities of comp. |
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Definition
| lytic assay, most common is CH50 |
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Term
| give 3 possible reasons for decreased levels of comp in the lab |
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Definition
| 1. decreased production 2. overconsumption 3. in vitro consumption |
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Term
| how is complement inactivated invitro |
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Definition
| heated to 56degreesC for at least 30 mins |
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Term
| what is the difference between precipitation and agglutination |
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Definition
| A-uses a particulate Ag (already bound to something) P-uses a soluble Ag |
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Term
| epitopes on the Ag combine with Fab site on Ab. This depends on what 2 characteristics of the Ab? |
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Definition
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Term
| define affinity; what does the strength of attraction depend on? |
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Definition
| the initial force of attraction that exists btwn an Ab&Ag; depends on the specificity of Ab for the particular Ag |
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Term
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Definition
| Ab's capable of reactivation Ag's that are structurally similar to the original Ag that induced it's production |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the sum of all attractive forces btwn an Ag & Ab |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the sum of all attractive forces btwn an Ag & Ab |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the sum of all attractive forces btwn an Ag & Ab |
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Term
| zone with Ag deficiency and Ab excess; retest in a few days giving Ag levels time to rise |
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Definition
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Term
| zone with Ag excess & Ab deficiency; dilute out Ag to reach ZOE |
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Definition
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Term
| precipitation rxns can be measured by turbidity and nephlometry, define these |
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Definition
turbidity measures cloudiness of a solution
nephlometry measures the light scattered at a particular angle |
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Term
| passive immunodiffusion involves ag&ab combination w/o electrical current, name 2 types of passive immunodiffusion |
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Definition
| radial id& ouchterlony dbl diff |
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Term
| ouchterlony dbl diff pattern of crossed lines means |
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Definition
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Term
| ouchterlony dbl diff fusion of 2 lines w/a spur means |
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Definition
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Term
| ouchterlony dbl diff fusion of lines that form an arc means |
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Definition
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Term
| serum protein electrophoresis yeilds 5 bands upon separation of protein. How many bands may be seen after immunoelectrophoresis? |
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Definition
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Term
| name the 2step process in agglutination |
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Definition
| sensitization and lattice formation |
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Term
| which Ig is most efficient at agglutination |
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Definition
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Term
| List 3 environmental conditions which can affect lattice formation and enhancement techniques to detect agglutination in vitro |
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Definition
pH, temp, & ionic strength
-adding low ionic strength saline
-adding sticky protein such as albumin
-centrifuation-packs cells together |
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Term
optimal temp for IgG & IgM; optimal pH
which is the cold Ig; which is warm Ig |
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Definition
IgG: 30-37degreesC warm
IgM: 4-27degreesC cold
pH 6.7 & 7.2 |
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Term
| figure that represents the relatie strength of an Ab; it is the reciprocal of the highest dilution which a +rxn occurs |
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Definition
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Term
agglutination rxns are graded from neg to 4+ after centrifugation; grade the rxns:
1. smooth suspension
2. one solid clump
3. several lrg clumps
4. barely discernable clumps
5. numerous sm clumps |
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Definition
1. neg
2. 4+
3. 3+
4. 1+
5. 2+ |
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Term
| give 3 reasons why latex particles used extensively in aglutination test kits? |
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Definition
they wont lyse
inexpensive
long shelf life |
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Term
| the sandwich assay involves what 3 parts? |
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Definition
| 1. solid phase Ab 2. patient Ag 3mass enhancement substrate |
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Term
| what is the limiting factor in assays where a separation step is required |
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Definition
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Term
| give 3 advantages of agglutination rxns |
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Definition
fast
sensitive
can yeild valuable information when interpretted correctly |
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Term
false neg or + agg rxn
-rheumatiod factor |
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Definition
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Term
false neg or + agg rxn
improperly stored reagents |
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Definition
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Term
false neg or + agg rxn
undercentrifugation |
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Definition
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Term
false neg or + agg rxn
-overcentrifugation |
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Definition
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Term
false neg or + agg rxn
cross reactivity& presence of heterophile Ab |
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Definition
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Term
false neg or + agg rxn
prozone phenomenon |
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Definition
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Term
| what is considered a significant rise in titer to classify an infection as being current |
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Definition
4 fold rise in titer; serial dilution
2 doublings 8-32 |
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Term
| what is a ligand? what are some examples of ligands measured in the lab? |
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Definition
analyte; substance being measured
-hormones-drugs-bacteria Ags-tumor markers |
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Term
| list 4 types of labels used in immunoassays |
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Definition
1.fluorescent 2. radioactive
3. chemiluminescent 4. enzyme |
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Term
| how will results be affected by incomplete washing? |
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Definition
| false increase & nonspecific binding |
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Term
| how will results be affected by incomplete washing? |
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Definition
| false increase & nonspecific binding |
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Term
| how will results be affected by incomplete washing? |
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Definition
| false increase & nonspecific binding |
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Term
| EIA has replaced RIA in the lab. list 5 advantages of EIA testing |
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Definition
| cheap, naturally occur, easy to find, long shelf lif, inexpensive equipment |
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Term
| EIA has replaced RIA in the lab. list 5 advantages of EIA testing |
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Definition
| cheap, naturally occur, easy to find, long shelf lif, inexpensive equipment |
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Term
| name 2 common enzyme labels |
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Definition
| horseradish peroxidase & alkaline phosphotase |
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Term
| what is the difference btwn heterogenous and homogenous immunoassay? |
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Definition
hetero-requires a separation step
homo-no separation step |
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Term
which results in false + & false neg
sensitivity & specificity |
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Definition
sensitivity-false +
specificity- false - |
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Term
| in sandwhich technique the enzyme activity is directly proportional to amt of ag in the test sample. is this competitive or noncompetitive assay? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flourescein and rhodamine |
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Term
| why are isotope undesirable in the lab |
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Definition
| they are radioactive posing a health hazard |
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