Term
| 1. About what % of all O2 is dissolved in plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. About what % of all O2 is transported via hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. How many O2 molecules can hemoglobin bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. What does % saturation tell you? |
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Definition
| out of all hemoglobin molecules, that % is fully saturated |
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Term
| 5. As PO2 increases, what happens to the amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. 100% saturation of hemoglobin occurs at a PO2 of __________? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. 75% saturation of hemoglobin occurs at a PO2 of __________? |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. If you increase CO2, what happens to pH? |
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Definition
| it decreases (more acidic) |
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Term
| 9. What does an increase in CO2 do to O2 binding to hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| it decreases affinity for O2 (right shift) |
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Term
| 10. What is the Bohr effect? |
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Definition
| a "right-shift" of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve due to an increase in hydrogen ions (decrease in pH) |
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Term
| 11. Anything that increases the amount of O2 around will produce what kind of shift in the O2-hemoglobin curve? |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. Would you see an increase in CO2 (decrease in pH) in body tissues or at the lungs? |
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Definition
| in body tissues (due to internal respiration) |
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Term
| 13. Would you see a decrease in CO2 (increase in pH) in body tissues or at the lungs? |
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Definition
| at the lungs (due to external respiration) |
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Term
| 14. What effect does temperature have on the amount of CO2 around? |
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Definition
| Increase in temperature will increase metabolism and a by-product of metabolism is CO2 |
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Term
| 15. What is a by-product of glycolysis in RBCs? |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. Do RBCs produce lots of BPG when PO2 is low or high? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. Will BPG produce a right-shift of the curve or a left-shift? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. To summarize, what 4 things produce a right shift of the curve? |
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Definition
| decrease pH / increase CO2 / increase temperature / BPG |
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Term
| 19. To summarize, what 4 things produce a left shift of the curve? |
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Definition
| increase pH / decrease CO2 / decrease temperature / CO |
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Term
| 20. Does hemoglobin have a greater affinity for O2 or CO (carbon monoxide, not dioxide)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. What affect does CO have on hemoglobin's affinity for O2? |
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Definition
| It increases affinity (left shift) due to cooperativity of hemoglobin |
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Term
| 22. What is the greatest amount of O2 that CAN BE carried in 100 ml of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. What is the amount of oxygen that IS carried in 100 ml of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. Knowing the definitions of oxygen capacity and content, you can find out O2 content by multiplying what by what? |
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Definition
| O2 capacity X SaO2 (if hemoglobin is 100% saturated, then O2 content will equal O2 capacity) |
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Term
| 25. About how much CO2 is carried dissolved in plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. About how much CO2 is carried attached to hemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. Since hemoglobin likes O2 better than CO2, what is it called when hemoglobin kicks off CO2 as more O2 binds to it? |
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Definition
| The Haldane effect (at the lungs) |
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Term
| 28. At the body tissues, CO2 enters a RBC and it can bind to hemoglobin or it can be hydrated by what enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. When CO2 is hydrated, what is produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H(+) + HCO3(-) To seek equilibrium, if you added more CO2, the equation would shift to the ______ to produce more _______. |
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Definition
| shift to the right to produce more HCO3(-) |
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Term
| 31. CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H(+) + HCO3(-) To seek equilibrium, if you added more HCO3(-), the equation would shift to the _____ to produce more _______. |
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Definition
| shift to the left to produce more CO2 |
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Term
| 32. At the tissues, HCO3(-) will diffuse from the RBC into where and in exchange for what? |
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Definition
| Diffuse into plasma in exchange for chloride |
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Term
| 33. At the lungs, CO2 will diffuse from the RBC to the alveoli, which direction will the equilibrium equation shift to? |
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Definition
| Shift to the left (if take away CO2, leaves more HCO3(-), shifts to left to balance out) |
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Term
| 34. At the lungs, if the equilibrium equation is shifted to the left, then will decrease amount of HCO3(-), so the HCO3(-) will diffuse from the plasma into what and in exchange for what? |
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Definition
| Into the RBCs and in exchange for chloride |
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Term
| 35. Where are our respiratory centers located? |
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Definition
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Term
| 36. Which respiratory group is most active during inspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. Which respiratory group is active during inspiration and expiration? |
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Definition
| Ventral respiratory group |
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Term
| 38. Which respiratory group primarily drives the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. Which respiratory group primarily drives the intercostal muscles? |
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Definition
| Ventral respiratory group |
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Term
| 40. What is like the pacemaker of breathing and where is it located? |
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Definition
| Pre-Botzinger complex / located in the ventral respiratory group |
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Term
| 41. Which respiratory groups regulate the duration of inspiration? |
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Definition
| Pontine respiratory group and apneustic center |
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Term
| 42. Which respiratory group causes shorter inspiratory bursts (short, fast, shallow inspiration)? |
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Definition
| Pontine respiratory group |
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Term
| 43. Which respiratory group causes longer inspiratory bursts (long, slow, deep inspiration)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. Are the pontine respiratory group and apneustic center needed for eupnic breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. What can affect the respiratory centers? |
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Definition
| Inputs from cortex, hypothalamus, chemoreceptors, stretch receptors and proprioceptors |
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Term
| 46. What part of our body would control the voluntary aspect of breathing (holding our breath)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. What part of our body would control the emotional aspect of breathing (increased RR when excited)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. Where would you find chemoreceptors? |
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Definition
| In medulla, pons, and carotid body (at bifurcation of carotid arteries) |
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Term
| 49. What do chemoreceptors detect? |
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Definition
| Amount of O2 and CO2 in blood |
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Term
| 50. What is the main stimulus to breathing? |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide (chemoreceptors detect CO2, stimulate receptors) |
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Term
| 51. Where would you find pulmonary stretch receptors? |
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Definition
| Throughout airways and in alveoli |
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Term
| 52. Do pulmonary stretch receptors send excitatory or inhibitory impulses to the brainstem? |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. What is the reflex called when the pulmonary stretch receptors inhibit breathing? |
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Definition
| Inflation reflex/Hering-Breuer reflex |
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Term
| 54. Stimulation of proprioceptors and exteroreceptors (exercise/pain) would stimulate or inhibit breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. With an obstructive lung disease, is the problem getting air in or out? |
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Definition
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Term
| 56. With an obstructive lung disease, what lung volumes or capacities are increased? |
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Definition
| Residual volume (so therefor, TLC and FRC too) |
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Term
| 57. With an obstructive lung disease, would you see an FEV1/FVC higher or lower than normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. What two conditions are commonly seen with COPD? |
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Definition
| Emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
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Term
| 59. Which condition is due to a loss of elastic fibers in walls of bronchioles and alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. Which condition is due to an increased production of mucus and airway inflammation for at least 3 months in 2 years? |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. Is asthma considered an obstructive or restrictive pulmonary disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. With a restrictive pulmonary disease, is the problem getting air into or out of the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. With a restrictive pulmonary disease, what lung volumes or capacities are reduced? |
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Definition
| All volumes and capacities are reduced |
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Term
| 64. With a restrictive pulmonary disease, would the FEV1/FVC be higher or lower than normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| 65. What diseases are restrictive pulmonary diseases? |
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Definition
| Fibrosis, diseases that affect respiratory muscles, IRDS, and ARDS |
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Term
| 66. What disease causes the lungs to become stiff? |
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Definition
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Term
| 67. What condition is found in children born prematurely where surfactant is not produced and the alveoli collapse? |
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Definition
| Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) |
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Term
| 68. What condition causes respiratory failure due to trauma or illness that has damaged alveoli or pulmonary capillaries? |
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Definition
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) |
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