Term
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Definition
| Movement of air into and out of the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Minute and Alveolar Ventilation |
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Term
Minute Ventilation
Normal= |
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Definition
Total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system each minute
= Tidal Volume * Respiratory rate
=6000 mL/min |
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Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air in one breath |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
What is Anatomical Dead Space-
Not all air inspired-
Which air does not participate in gas
exchange? |
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Definition
Conducting Zone
reaches alveoli.
Air in conducting zone |
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Term
| What is the dead space volume (DSV)- |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air reaching gas exchange areas per minute. Subtract dead space volume from minute volume. |
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Term
| Normal alveolar ventilation= |
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Definition
| 4200 mL/min available to exchange with blood. |
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Term
| How can alveolar ventilation be regulated? |
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Definition
| by adjusting minute ventilation |
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Term
| What is ventilation adjusted to match? |
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Definition
| Metabolic needs of body at different times |
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Term
| What type of muscles are respiratory muscles? What are they controlled by. |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscles, motor neurons |
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Term
| Which nerves control inspiration and which parts of the anatomy is affected? |
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Definition
| Phrenic nerve- diaphragm and the External intercostal nerve- external intercostal muscles |
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Term
| Which nerves control expiration? |
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Definition
| internal intercostal nerve- internal intercostal muscles |
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Term
| where are the neurons that control inspiration and expiration? |
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Definition
| brain stem (medulla and pons) |
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Term
| What property do these neurons have? |
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Definition
| Autorhythmic properties- generate rhythmic breathing cycle (12-15/min at rest) |
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Term
| What sensory input can modify the autorhythmic |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what do chemoreceptors detect? |
|
Definition
| blood levels of oxygen and CO2 |
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Term
|
Definition
1. peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid bodies which are sensitive to pH and plasma 02.
2. Central chemoreceptors in medula of brainstem- sensitive to pH (H+) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Term
| Are central chemoreceptors directly responsive to O2 and CO2? |
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Definition
| No, not responsive to O2 at all, and is not directly responsive to CO2, but is responsive to the H+ generated by Co2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| signal respiratory neurons to increase ventilation to blow off/reduce excess Co2 to |
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Term
Peripheral chemoreceptors are mostly in-
Specialized cells in direct contact with-
Respond to - |
|
Definition
carotid body
arterial blood
changes in pressure of oxygen or pH |
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Term
| What do peripheral chemoreceptors do if plasma oxygen decrease or pH becomes more acidic? |
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Definition
| signal respiratory center to increase ventilation (breath in more O2) |
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Term
| Arterial blood Co2 and o2 remain -- by o2 moving from -- at the -- rate it is consumed by cells. c02 moves from -- at the -- rate it is produced by cells |
|
Definition
constant.
alveoli to blood at same rate consumed
blood to alveoli at same rate produced |
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Term
| partial pressure of gass depends on |
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Definition
| fractional concentration of gas and total pressure of gas mixture |
|
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Term
| what is the concentration of air |
|
Definition
79% nitrogen
20% oxygen
trace amounts of helium c02 argon, and water depending on humidity |
|
|
Term
partial pressure of N2
partial pressure of 02
C02 |
|
Definition
600 mm Hg
152 mm Hg
.23 mm Hg |
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|
Term
Po2 in cells =
Pc02 in cells = |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high to low pressure (partial pressure) presence of other gases is irrelevant |
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Term
|
Definition
| alveoli into blood to cells |
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Term
| diffusion is rapid (.25 s) between alveoli and blood b/c |
|
Definition
| small diffusion barrier and large surface area |
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Term
| is oxygen soluble in plasma? |
|
Definition
| not very only 1.5% dissolved |
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Term
| How is o2 transported thru blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where is hemoglobin located? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| # of globins (proteins in hemoglobin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does o2 bind to heme groups? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many o2 molecules per hemoglobin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| saturation of hemoglobin measures |
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Definition
| how much o2 bound to hemoglobin. 100%= all 4 binding sites have o2 binding |
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Term
| at 100 mm Hg (alveolar air) hemoglobing is % saturated |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| at tissues (40 mmHg) hemoglobin delivers --% of its available 02, leaving -- |
|
Definition
| 25%, 75% saturated to be released in times of need. |
|
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Term
| increase in temp-- Hb affinity for 02 |
|
Definition
| decreases, more 02 is unloaded in active tissues |
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Term
| Active tissue produce Hydrogen ions in which binding to hB- |
|
Definition
| increase the liklihood of o2 being releaced. |
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Term
| 2,3-DPG is produced in -- during --- and -- affinity of Hb for o2 which -- oxygen unloading |
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Definition
| red blood cells under conditions of low o2 (altitude or anemia) decrease affinity, which enhances o2 unload |
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Term
| Hb has a greater affinity fro -- than o2, which |
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Definition
| CO carbon monoxide prevents o2 from binding to hemoglobin. deprives tissue of needed o2 |
|
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Term
| what mechanisms transport CO2 |
|
Definition
5-6% is soluble in plasma (low)
5-8% binds to hemoglobin
90%converted into bicarbonate by erythrocytes and transported into plasma, (majority) |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that converts co2 and water to carbonic acid (found in high concentration in red blood cells) |
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