Term
|
Definition
| incomplete distention of alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Atelectesis Causes |
|
Definition
inhalation of utero amniotic fluid
meconium aspiration
deficiency in quality/quantity of surfactant |
|
|
Term
| Acquired Atelectesis Causes |
|
Definition
external compression of the lung due to fluid or neoplastic mass or thorax
obstruction of airway supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connections between alveoli that allow for collateral ventilation
present in dogs, cats, horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlargement of airspaces without primary alveolar wall destruction
due to secondary airflow destruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
developed from increased vascular permeability
produces an exudate with high protein concentration
due to leaky vessels and/or direct damage to alveolar pneumocytes |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Pulmonary Edemia |
|
Definition
cardiogenic
decreased oncotic proessure
blockage of lymphatics
increased vascular permeability
neurogenic |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) |
|
Definition
lesion in a distant organ
generalized systemic disease
direct lung injury |
|
|
Term
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) |
|
Definition
| results in pulmonary edema and formation of hyaline memebranes |
|
|
Term
| Hyaline Membrane Formation |
|
Definition
formed with severe alveolar damage and plasma protein exudation
Hyperreactive macrophages--> cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6)-->stimulation of neutrophils pool in lung--> enzyme release and free radical release from neutrophils --> alveolar endothelial and epithelial damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endocrinopathy (hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes)
glomerulopathy
DIC
IV catheters
heartworm disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of fibrin and platelets
lungs are predisposed to emboli
but has dual aterial supply so infarcts are uncommon |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Septic Pulmonary Emboli |
|
Definition
right valvular bacterial endocarditis
jugular thrombophlebitis
hepatic abscesses in cattle
septic arthritis |
|
|
Term
| Disease of Nasal Cavity Progression |
|
Definition
| Insult/injury --> swelling (causes sneezing)-->serous/catarrhal discharge-->purulent discharge -->(moving into chronic changes) nasal associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia --> fibrosis --> nasal polyp formation |
|
|
Term
| Etiologies of Diffuse Pulmonary Disease |
|
Definition
| atelectesis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary minealization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cranioventral consolidation
caused by bacteria entered aerogenously
fibrin and neutrophils present
after 3-5 days, purulent material can be grossly observed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibroblasts enter lesion in 3-5 days
collagen produce in lesion by 5-7 days
well developed fibrosis in 14 days |
|
|
Term
| Sequelae of Chronic Purulent Bronchopneumonia |
|
Definition
Bronchiectesis
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Pulmonary asbcesses
Pleural adhesions
Atelectesis
Emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
presence of many neutrophils in bronchi and bronchioles over a long time
causes by chronic release of neutrophil enzymes that weakens tissue and causes these ariways to dilate
dilated airyways fill with neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrin deposition where severe bronchiolar damage has occured
fibrous tissue becomes organized and healing epithelium covers it
creates a polyp projection in bronchiolar lumen and obstructs airflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrinous, necrotizing-gastric acid
gangrenous - saprophytic bacteria
granulomatous - foreign body
leads to rapid death in small animals because of laryngospasm and pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka fibrinous bronchopneumonia
less confined within an area of the lung
due to a more severe injury
sequelae include gangrene, pulmonary sequestra, fibrosis, pulmonary abscesses, chronic pleuritis with adhesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diffuse, do not collapse, may have rib impressions
rubbery, meaty on cut surface
causes by viral, toxin, allergy, sepsis
aerogenous or hematogenous
Type I pneumocyte or alveolar capillary endothelial damage-->exudation of plasma proteins into alveolar lumen--> mixing with surfactant (some cases)--> hyaline membrane formation -->proliferation of type II pneumocytes (days 2-3 post
injury)--> extensive type II pneumocyte hyperplasia (by day 6 post injury) |
|
|
Term
| Multifocal Patterned Pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of Granulomatous Pneumonia |
|
Definition
Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis
Mycobacteria sp.
Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis
Rhodococcus equi
Inhaled foreign material
Parasites
FIP |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Bacterial Associated Embolic Pneumonia |
|
Definition
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Streptococcus suis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus equi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased oncotic pressure
Increased vascular permeability
Obstruction of lymphatics (neoplasia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rupture of a large vessel (HBC)
Coagulopathy
Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity
Neoplasia (hemangiosarcoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Idiopathic (most common form)
Heart disease (back pressure prevents thoracic duct emptying)
Trauma (rupture of thoracic duct or other major lymphatic vessel)
Neoplasia (lymphatic duct obstruction)
Granuloma (lymphatic duct obstruction)
Iatrogenic rupture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
external wounds
extensions of pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Pleural Mineralization |
|
Definition
uremia from renal failure
vitamin D toxicosis |
|
|
Term
| Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome |
|
Definition
1. elongation of the soft palate
2. eversion of laryngeal saccules
3. laryngeal collapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in miniature breed dogs
racheal rings that make a shallow arc rather than a C-shape and a have a wide, flaccid dorsal trachealis muscle |
|
|
Term
| Infectious Tracheobronchitis |
|
Definition
aka kennel cough
generally mild, self-limiting
secondary pneumonia due to impairment of mucociliary clearance, leukocytes, secreted toxins
gross lesions are absent
microscopic lesions of neutrophils within tracheobronchial mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Bordatella bronchiseptica |
|
Definition
| secretes toxins that affect leukocytes and induce ciliostasis and can survive inside macrophages and non-phagocytic cells, with a 2-3 month long persistence in affected animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results in pulmonary edema and chronic pulmonary congestion
alveolar macrophages have intracytoplasmic hemosiderin (aka heart failure cells) |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary Thromboembolism |
|
Definition
large thromboemboli can induce sudden death due to cor pulmonale (acute right heart failure due to pulmonary
hypertension)
most common cause is heartworm disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
granulomatous pneumonia
5-15 μm, round, thick walled, yeasts with broad based budding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paramyxoviridae- localized to respiratory, GI, nervous system
immunosuppression because of depletion of lymphocytes
leads to secondary infections in the respiratory, gastrointestinal or nervous system with pathogens such as Bordatella, Pnuemocystis, Toxoplasma, or Cryptosporidium
catarrhal to mucopurulent nasopharyngitis and conjunctivitis that can progress to bronchointerstitial pneumonia
intracytoplasmic and occasionally intranuclear inclusion bodies in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, type II pneumocytes, and alveolar macrophages
alveolar epithelium often forms syncytia
stomach, renal pelvis, and urinary bladder often exhibit inclusions and viral antigen also |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
necrosis of tracheal, bronchial, and bronchiolar epithelium
to definitively diagnose canine influenza, nasal swabs and deep pharyngeal swabs can be collected and sent in for this PCR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common respiratory nematode in dogs
Nodules where nematode is in submucosa at bifurcation of main stem bronchi
often no clinical signs |
|
|
Term
| Feline Rhinotracheitis Virus |
|
Definition
conjunctivitis, keratitis, coughing, sneezing
mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
can induce corneal ulcers and then corneal sequestra
eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in the respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conjunctivitis, keratitis, coughing, sneezing
mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
lingual, nostrila, hard palate ulceration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
| Cryptococcus neoformans rhinitis |
|
Definition
striking lesions of facial swelling
look gelatinous (although they are typically firm, ulcerating nodules when in the skin)
4-8 μm yeast with a clear capsule that can be very thick and narrow based budding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bronchial luminal narrowing, smooth muscle hyperplasia, luminal and infiltrating eosinophils in the bronchial wall, and goblet cell and mucous gland hyperplasia
Emphysema may be noted due to bronchial plugging |
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
|
Definition
occurs in middle age to older cats
progressive tachypnea and coughing
alveolar septal thickening by smooth muscle and fibrosis and the alveoli are lined by type II pneumocytes (“honeycomb” lung) |
|
|
Term
| Endogenous Lipid Pneumonia |
|
Definition
often found incidentally on necropsy
idiopathic
irregular, subpleural, yellow-white firm foci on the lungs
accumulation of foamy macrophages within the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (Dry Form) |
|
Definition
Coronaviridae
fibrinous pleuritis
grossly as white small nodules that especially track vessels
type III and type IV hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FIP
bite wounds (Pasteurella multocida)
migrating plant awns in thorax |
|
|
Term
| Aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
|
Definition
feline lungworm
causes incidental lesions found at necropsy
ung contains multiple, yellow nodules that are often only in a few localized areas of the lung rather than widespread
lesions are composed of masses of eggs and larvae in the alveoli surrounded by granulomatous inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma is most common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occur in 1-3 year old cats
occur in middle ear and extend into deep pharynx
sneezing, ataxia, Horner's syndrome
stalk of fibrovascular tissue lined by epithelium
need to be excised at the base or they will recur |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Increased Upper Airway Noise in Horses |
|
Definition
epiglottic entrapment, hypoplastic epiglottis, or dorsal entrapment of the soft palate
laryngeal hemiplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrophy of the left crioarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, presumably due to neuropathy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which can be a sequelae of guttural pouch disease |
|
|
Term
| Equine Herpes Virus 1 and 4 |
|
Definition
a serous to mucopurulent discharge in young horses
clinical signs can be very similar to equine influenza
infection is rarely fatal unless a secondary pneumonia develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
filling of guttoral pouch with purulent exudate secondary to purulent rhinitis
typically from Streptococcus equi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aspergillus sp.
the guttural pouch mucosa is covered by fibrinonecrotic plaques which can become a large fibrinonecrotic mass |
|
|
Term
| Sequelae of Guttoral Pouch Mycosis |
|
Definition
| invasion of the internal carotid artery resulting in aneurysm and fatal hemorrhage, mycotic emboli that lead to infarcts in other organs, dysphagia from vagal and glossopharyngeal nerve damage, Horner’s syndrome from cranial cervical ganglion and sympathetic nerve damage, or laryngeal hemiplegia |
|
|
Term
| Recurrent Airway Obstruction |
|
Definition
aka heaves, noninfectious
bronchospasm and bronchiolar plugging with clinical signs of coughing, wheezing, and exercise intolerance
no lesions in lung grossly
bronchioles contain mucus, neutrophils, and sloughed cells intraluminally
increase in goblet cells in the bronchiolar epithelium and Clara cells are degenerating and sloughed
lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells in the bronchiolar lamina propria and adventitia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
affects 2-4 month old foals
granulomatous pneumonia with ulcerative enterocolitis
lives in macrophages and the secreted toxins contribute to necrosis and recruitment of many neutrophils, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
purulent rhinitis and lymphadenitis
guttural pouch empyema, pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, metastatic abscesses (bastard strangles), or purpura hemorrhagica (vasculitis from immune complex deposition) |
|
|
Term
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in Foals |
|
Definition
| become more susceptible to pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common is squamous cell carcinoma
nasal tumors in the sinuses of young horses are more likely fibromas or fibrosarcomas |
|
|
Term
| Progressive Ethmoid Hematoma |
|
Definition
older horses and can extend from the turbinates to the external nares
composed of fibrovascular tissue that contains new and old hemorrhage
see free erythrocytes and macrophages with intracytoplasmic hemosiderin |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary Granular Cell Tumor |
|
Definition
most common primary lung tumor in horses
thought to originate from Schwann cells |
|
|
Term
| Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis |
|
Definition
herpesvirus
induces a fibrinonecrotic rhinitis and tracheitis
develop a red nose and keratoconjunctivitis
lesions are ulceration and mats of fibrinonecrotic and purulent material that cover the nasal cavity, trachea, and larynx
eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions may be seen in the epithelial cells
predisposes to pneumonia due to aspiration of necrotic material or because respiratory defenses are impaired |
|
|
Term
| Fusobacterium necrophorum |
|
Definition
cause calf diptheria
lesions develop secondary to trauma or viral infection and overly laryngeal cartilage mucosa
well-demarcated, dry, yellow, crusted regions due to the necrosis and fibrin exudation |
|
|
Term
| Sequelae of Fusobacterium necrophorum |
|
Definition
toxemia, bacteremia, or bronchopneumonia from aspiration of necrotic material
tracheal edema and hemorrahge from hyperpnea
laryngeal contact ulcers due to excessive swallowing and vocalization |
|
|
Term
| Atipical Interstitial Pneumonia |
|
Definition
describes collection of diseases
lungs appear pale and feel rubbery
edema, interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, and interstitial inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L-tryptophan present in lush pasture-->metabolized to 3-methylindole in rumen-->circulates to lung and metabolized to pneumotoxic compound by Clara cells in the lung-->generation of free radicals-->type I pneumocyte injury and necrosis-->edema, hyaline membranes, emphysema-->type II pneumocyte hyperplasia -->interstitial inflammation and fibrosis (more chronic) |
|
|
Term
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis |
|
Definition
Type III hypersensitivity
reinfection with the sensitizing agent
antigen-antibody complexes form and deposit in the lung, complement is activated, and then there is injury to type I pneumocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mannheimia haemolytica
Histophilus somni
death from septicemia before pulmonary failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
coagulation necrosis in areas of the lung tissue (giving a marbled look to the lung tissue with Mannhemia)
Histophilus somni is less fibrinous and necrotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in young, intensively housed calves
viral or mycoplasma etiology
gross lesions vary depending on agent |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency |
|
Definition
| make calves susceptible to pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
induces a purulent fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis that can look much like Mannheimia haemolytica
often causes septicemia
thrombotic menigoenceophalitis (TME),
VM 608 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
36
myocarditis/myocardial necrosis, arthritis, ophthalmitis, conjunctivitis, otitis, and abortion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mycobacterium bovis
induce a granulomatous response because they are a facultative pathogen of the monocyte-macrophage system
alveolar macrophages phagocytize them but cannot destroy the bacteria
granulomas are composed of central cell debris due to dead leukocytes mixed with the bacteria, surrounded by epithelioid macrophages, multinucleated macrophages, clusters of lymphocytes, and surrounded by fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
|
Definition
Paramyxoviridae
acute respiratory disease and enzootic pneumonia in 2 week to 5 month old calves
lesions superimposed with bacterial pneumonia
grossly appears as an atelectic, rubbery cranioventral lung and a caudodorsal lung that does not collapse and is edematous and firm
intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 |
|
Definition
virus that predisposes to bacterial bronchopneumonia
looks similar to BRSV with syncytia formations and intracytoplasmic inclusions
need PCR, fluorescent Ab, or IHC |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus |
|
Definition
induces a neutropenia and can decrease the function of alveolar macrophages
can look similar to BRSV and PI3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bovine lung worm
Adults live in the bronchi
induce bronchitis and grossly lobular atelectasis and interstitial emphysema can be observed due to airway plugging from a mix of edema, mucus, and nematodes
small granulomas may be seen in reaction to nematode eggs and dead larvae
larvae migrate through the alveolar walls, causing hemorrhage and edema |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Pleuritis in Cattle |
|
Definition
Mannheimia haemolytica
Mycoplasma sp.
Histophilus somni
Ruptured abscess (Arcanobacterium pyogenes)
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (Hardware disease)
Escherichia coli (in calves) |
|
|
Term
| Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases in Small Ruminants |
|
Definition
Pasteurella multocida
Mannheimia haemolytica
Fungal nasal granulomas
Oestrus ovis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lentivirus
causes ovine progressive pneumonia
Maedi component of the disease refers to the pneumonia component, Visna is encephalitis form of the virus
dyspnea and slow progressive emaciation, and is fatal but can take months to induce death
interstitial pneumonia with noncollapsing lungs with rib imprints, heavy lungs, and enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes
forms lymphoid nodules but does not cause type II pnuemocyte hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis |
|
Definition
Lentivirus
pneumonia
encephalitis in goat kids
arthritis in adult goats
interstitial pneumonia
prominent type II pnuemocyte hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Primary Lungworms of Small Ruminants |
|
Definition
Dictyocaulus filaria
Protostrongylus rufescens
Muelleris capillaris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nasal adenocarcinomas (enzootic nasal tumor) due to a retrovirus |
|
|
Term
| Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
| firm, raised, gray masses mostly in the cranial and middle lung lobes and are also caused by a retrovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a combination of infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida
B. bronchiseptica is thought to promote colonization of P. multocida
P. multocida produces toxins that promote bone resorption in the turbinates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
herpesvirus affects piglets younger than 5 weeks old
causes inclusion body rhinitis
necrotizing rhinitis that may be complicated by bacterial infection
produces large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the nasal epithelium and glands |
|
|
Term
| Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome |
|
Definition
a range of severity of disease presentation due to marked genomic variation in the virus
interstitial pneumonia that infects macrophages
predisposes pig to bacterial bronchopneumonia
also impairs pulmonary intravascular macrophages
increases susceptibility to septicemia
often infects with PMWD
DIVA compatible
PCR lung, tonsil, and lymph node |
|
|
Term
| Porcine Multisystemic Wasting Disease |
|
Definition
inclusion bodies in macrophages
(basophilic botryoid)
often infects with PRRS
PCR lung, tonsil, and lymph node |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Pneumonia Causes in Pigs |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, and Pneumocystis carinii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stays in the bronchi and bronchioles, causing necrosis of the epithelium
low mortality high morbidity
lobular atelectasis cranioventrally (checkerboard pattern), due to blockage of the bronchioles with exudate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
porcine enzootic pneumonia
purulent to mucopurulent bronchopneumonia that appears grossly as a red to tan cranioventral consolidation that is rubbery to firm
may be a pattern of gray nodules due to the affected bronchioles and the lung becomes more gray as the lesion progresses to chronicity
BALT hyperplasia
to cilia, and disruption of the cilia often leads to secondary bacterial invaders
PCR is best way to Dx |
|
|
Term
| Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae |
|
Definition
porcine pleuropneumonia
intensively raised pigs that are 2-5 months old
fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuropneumonia with possibly areas of necrosis in the lung
affects the dorsal portion of the caudal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by vitamin E/selenium deficiency
causes hydrothorax and even pleuritis |
|
|
