Term
| Mechanism that lead to impaired ventilation: 1 |
|
Definition
| compression or narrowing of the airways |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism that lead to impaired ventilation: 2 |
|
Definition
| disruption of the neural transmission needed to stimulate the mechanics of breathing |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary effects can be seen with pathology of all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purulent sputum indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non-purulent sputum is typical of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection, inflammation, abscess, tumor or infarciton |
|
|
Term
| Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs with desaturation of arterial blodo and decrease in the local amount of circulating hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thickening and widening of distal phalanges caused by pulmonary conditions that interfere with oxygenation and nutrition of the tissue due to hypoxemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May also be a manifestation present in several cardiac, gastrointestinal, and hepatic diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general decline in lung function including reduced reserve capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weakness of diaphragm and respiratory muscles leading to increased work of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cilia of the upper airways become less effective in removing debris and mucus, makign the elder adult more prone to respiratory infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of tissue and elasticity in alveolar walls |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the lung tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viral or bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhalation of harmful substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aspiration of fluid, food, or vomit |
|
|
Term
| Pneumonia: Invading pathogens are not eliminated by ______ macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microorganims multiply and release toxins within the lung tissue which stimulates a strong inflammatory and immune response, damaging alveolar capillaries and bronchial mucus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pneumonia: What prevents the alveoli to expand with air |
|
Definition
| infectious debris and exudate |
|
|
Term
| Pneumonia: What happens as a result of alveoli being unable to expand |
|
Definition
| inability to exchange gas and difficulty breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promote effective breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by transmission of the tubercle bacillus bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is tuberculosis spread? |
|
Definition
| droplet nuclei are expelled from the infected individual when that person sneezes or coughs |
|
|
Term
| Some people have a ______ predisposition to TB susceptibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis Pathophysicology: 1 |
|
Definition
| droplet nuclei are inhaled, and travel and multiply in the lungs and alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis Pathophysicology: 2 |
|
Definition
| cells within the lungs encapsulate this mass of cells in an attempt to fight off this invading organism |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis: The encapsulation of multiplying mass of cells forms a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis Pathophysicology: 3 |
|
Definition
| takes the body 2-12 weeks after initial infection to develop cell mediated immunity and stop growth of tubercle bacilli |
|
|
Term
| How is Tuberculosis rendered inactive/latent |
|
Definition
| t-cells and macrophages fight the spread of the microograsnism |
|
|
Term
| What is the potential for reactivation of tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Those with the latent form of TB present with + lab tests and are typically contagious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis: What causes calcification of the tissues |
|
Definition
| granulomas becoming necrotic and producing fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| What allows the TB to spread to the lymphatics, then through the blood stream, and other sites within the body |
|
Definition
| calcification of the tissues |
|
|
Term
| Evenly distributed small nodules which eventually spread and produce larger areas of infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastin proteins, which function to maintain the strength of alveolar walls, are destroyed in the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of alveolar walls and enlargement of acini |
|
|
Term
| With emphysema the air that has been inhaled is |
|
Definition
| trapped, making exhalation difficult |
|
|
Term
| Overdistension of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls is accompanied by |
|
Definition
| partial airway collapse and loss of elastic recoil |
|
|
Term
| Thin body frame, tacchypnea, prolonged expiration, use of accessory muscles for ventilatoin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reversible chronic obstructive lung disease with acute exarcebation caused by hyper-reactivity of airways to various stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asthma: Inflammation of the airways leads to: 1 |
|
Definition
| cellular infiltration (in an attempt to control inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| Asthma: Inflammation of the airways leads to: 2 |
|
Definition
| disruption of respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Asthma: Inflammation of the airways leads to: 3 |
|
Definition
| mucosal edema and plugging |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle spasm, vascular congestion, increased vascular permeability, formation of edema, and thick tenacious mucus, impaired mucociliary function is caused by |
|
Definition
| release of inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
| Physiologic changes that take place in response to the inflammation process cause |
|
Definition
| airway hyperresponsiveness, ventilation/perfusion mismatches, hypoxemia, obstructed expiratory flow, increased work of breathing |
|
|
Term
| Acute reversible airway obstruction that occurs 5-15 minutes after strenuous exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What to do if a patient is having an asthma attack |
|
Definition
| use inhaler if available, assess severity of attack, high Folwer's position, diaphragmatic breathing, relaxaiton |
|
|
Term
| mouth breathing, chest tightedness, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath |
|
Definition
| characteristics of asthma attacks |
|
|
Term
| Inherited disorder of ion transport in the exocrine glands that affects the hepatic, digestive, male reproductive, and respiratory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cystic fibrosis characterized by? |
|
Definition
| chronic, bacterial, airway infections leading to obstructive lung disease and loss of pulmonary function |
|
|
Term
| Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder that causes a defect or mutation in the long arm of chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accumulation of salt in cells that line the lungs and digestive tract making mucus in these tracts abnormally thick and sticky |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis: Chloride cannot penetrate through the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and lungs, results in: 1 |
|
Definition
| dehydration and increased viscosity of mucus and gland secretions |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis: Chloride cannot penetrate through the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and lungs, results in: 2 |
|
Definition
| elevation of sweat electrolytes; Na, Cl |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis: Chloride cannot penetrate through the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and lungs, results in: 3 |
|
Definition
| pancreatic enzyme insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| Production of thick, viscous mucus which can obstruct bronchi and bronchioles, making the lungs susceptible to infection and atelectasis is a result of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, fibrosis, formation of dilations that involve all airways, decreased in nitric oxid develops which leads to airway inflammation |
|
Definition
| characteristics of advanced CF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequent postural drainage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chest physical therapy; percussion, vibration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient and family education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exercise and physical activity |
|
|
Term
| CF PTI: Exercise and activity: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CF PTI: Exercise and activity: 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CF PTI: Exercise and activity: 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CF PTI: Exercise and activity: 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collapse of a normally expanded and aerated lung tissue involving any part of the lung |
|
|
Term
| How is atelectasis usually caused by |
|
Definition
| complete airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Acute obstruction resulting in Atelectasis may cause |
|
Definition
| dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, elevated body temp, lowered blood pressure, substernal retraction, shock |
|
|
Term
| Chronic obstruction resulting in Atelectasis as a result of a tumor may result in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients of abdominal and thoracic surgeries, especially those taking narcotics are more susceptible to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done to prevent atelectstasis? |
|
Definition
| frequent positional changes, deep breathing, coughing, early ambulation |
|
|
Term
| Fluid fills the pulmonary vasculature, which leaks into the alveolar spaces making less room for air exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is pulmonary edema usually caused |
|
Definition
| DVT from the deep veins of the legs |
|
|
Term
| Primary risk factors with throwing a clot with subsequent PE: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary risk factors with throwing a clot with subsequent PE: 2 |
|
Definition
| endothelial injury; trauma or surgery |
|
|
Term
| Primary risk factors with throwing a clot with subsequent PE: 3 |
|
Definition
| hereditary thrombotic disorders |
|
|
Term
| Mismatch in ventilation and perfusion, hypoxia, release of chemical mediators by platelets, increase in pulmonary vascular resistance causing pulmonary hypertension, and in severe cases R-sided heart failure and death are a result of |
|
Definition
| large embolus or showers of emboli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common symptoms of pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
| persistent cough, dyspnea, chest pain, apprehension |
|
|
Term
| Less common symptoms of pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
| hemoptysis, diaphoresis, tachypnea, fever |
|
|
Term
| Hemoptysis indicates what with pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most hospitals have preventative measures for DVT and PE, but know the symptoms |
|
|
